PROTO ARMENIAN OR PROTO-PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN OR WHAT
Armenian, like Hittite, Luwian, and Lycian, retains the third laryngeal initially, and has no inherited long vowels, no palatal-velar distinction, and no feminine gender. These and other archaisms lead to the conclusion that Armenian is an Anatolian language and can be compared to more advantage with Lycian and Hittite than with the IE languages proper.
Graeco-Aryan, or Graeco-Armeno-Aryan, is a hypothetical clade within the Indo-European family that could be the ancestor of Greek, Armenian, and the Indo-Iranian languages.
The Graeco-Armeno-Aryan group supposedly branched off from the parent Indo-European stem by the mid-3rd millennium BC. The mid-3rd millennium BC. happens to be the time that tradition tells Armenians who still call themselves 'Hay' an endonym chosen that shows reverence for their progenitor 'Hayk' who with his extended family and close companions numbering 300 marked out his territory in the southern Caucuses (today still referred to as the the Armenian Highlands) gave the toponyms Armenian names, won over the folk existing subsisting on the land, built in his name 'Haykashen' the first village centre and allowed his sons and companions to extend north and west to establish their homes in their names thus expanding their rule a over new and yet unmarked and unnamed territory. At present even after 4500 years a few Toponyms Oronyms Hydronyms still have the names they were given by the Haykazouni' Aristocratic family that are responsible for establishing the Armenian culture and subsequently the Armenian identity . The question that needs to be answered is whether the Haykazouni family are responsible for the creation of the original language, the foundation, the base. Another way of looking at the problem of the origin of the roots of Armenian is to ask if the author of the legend of Haik adapted the newly invented Sumerian syllabic formula for the abstraction of words and the rules of grammar to develop a new 'logos' which he superimposed on the local vernacular thus establishing proto-Armenian they called Hayeren?
Proto-Armenian is the earlier, unattested stage of the Armenian language which has been reconstructed by linguists. As Arm enian is the only known language of its branch of the Indo-European languages, the comparative method cannot be used to reconstruct its earlier stages. Instead, a combination of internal and external reconstruction, by reconstructions of Proto-Indo-European and other branches, has allowed linguists to piece together the earlier history of Armenian.Proto-Armenian, as the ancestor of only one living language, has no clear definition of the term. It is generally held to include a variety of ancestral stages of Armenian between Proto-Indo-European and the earliest attestations of Classical Armenian.
It is thus not a proto-language in the strict sense, but "Proto-Armenian" is a term that has become common in the field.[citation needed]
The earliest testimony of Armenian is the 5th-century Bible translation of Mesrop Mashtots. The earlier history of the language is unclear and the subject of much speculation. It is clear that Armenian is an Indo-European language, but its development is opaque.
In any case, Armenian has many layers of loanwords and shows traces of long language contact with Anatolian languages such as Luwian and Hittite, Mitanni, Hurro-Urartian languages, Semitic languages such as Akkadian and Aramaic, and Iranian languages such as Persian and Parthian.
Phonological development of Proto-Armenian[edit]
The Proto-Armenian sound changes are varied and eccentric (such as *dw- yielding erk-) and, in many cases, uncertain. That prevented Armenian from being immediately recognized as an Indo-European branch in its own right, and it was assumed to be simply a very divergent Iranian language until Heinrich Hübschmann established its independent character in 1874.[2]
The development of voicing contrasts in Armenian is notable in being quite similar to that seen in Germanic, a fact that was significant in the formation of Glottalic Theory. The Armenian Consonant Shift has often been compared to the famous Grimm's Law in Germanic, because in both cases, Proto-Indo-European voiceless stops became voiceless aspirates (with some complications with regard to Proto-Indo-European *p), the voiced stops became voiceless, and the voiced aspirates became voiced stops.[3] Meanwhile, Armenian shares the vocalization of word initial laryngeals before consonants with Greek and Phrygian:[4] Proto-Indo-European *h₂nḗr ("man", "force") renders Greek anḗr, Armenian ayr from a Proto-Armenian *aynr [5] and Phrygian anar ("man"), which may be compared to Latin Nero and neriōsus ("strict"), Albanian njeri, Persian nar, Sanskrit nara, and Welsh nerth.
In certain contexts, the aspirated stops are further reduced to w, h or zero in Armenian: Proto-Indo-European (accusative) *pódm̥ "foot" > Armenian otn[dubious – discuss] vs. Greek (accusative) póda, Proto-Indo-European *tréyes "three" > Armenian erekʿ[dubious – discuss] vs. Greek treis.
In the tree model of historical linguistics, a proto-language is a postulated ancestral language from which a number of attested languages are believed to have descended by evolution, forming a language family. Proto-languages are usually unattested, or in some cases only partially attested. They are reconstructed by way of the comparative method.
Starting with Proto-Indo-European (PIE) which is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family. Its proposed features have been derived by linguistic reconstruction from documented Indo-PIE is hypothesized to have been spoken as a single language from 4500 BC to 2500 BC during the Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age, though estimates vary by more than a thousand years.European languages. No direct record of Proto-Indo-European exists. The linguistic reconstruction of PIE has provided insight into the pastoral culture and patriarchal religion of its speakers. Detailed analysis suggests a system of sound laws to describe the phonetic and phonological changes from the hypothetical ancestral words to the modern ones. These laws have become so detailed and reliable as to support the Neogrammarian rule: the
The Armenian hypothesis, also known as the Near Eastern model,[1] is a theory of the Proto-Indo-European homeland, initially proposed by linguists Tamaz V. Gamkrelidze and Vyacheslav Ivanov in the early 1980s, which suggests that the Proto-Indo-European language was spoken during the 5th–4th millennia BC in "eastern Anatolia, the southern Caucasus, and northern Mesopotamia"ndo-European sound laws apply without exception.
Concerning the laryngeal features of the Armenian stop system we come across a well-known problem in Armenian historical phonology, concerning the status of the series traditionally called “voiced.”
The acoustic data from field research, carried on in the Republic of Armenia, on different Armenian dialects, is a phonological analysis, in both synchronic and diachronic terms.
We believe that stops traditionally called “voiced aspirated” could be better analyzed if specified by the [+slack vocal folds] or [-stiff vocal folds] features.
Graeco-Aryan, or Graeco-Armeno-Aryan, is a hypothetical clade within the Indo-European family that could be the ancestor of Greek, Armenian, and the Indo-Iranian languages.
The Graeco-Armeno-Aryan group supposedly branched off from the parent Indo-European stem by the mid-3rd millennium BC. The mid-3rd millennium BC. happens to be the time that tradition tells Armenians who still call themselves 'Hay' an endonym chosen that shows reverence for their progenitor 'Hayk' who with his extended family and close companions numbering 300 marked out his territory in the southern Caucuses (today still referred to as the the Armenian Highlands) gave the toponyms Armenian names, won over the folk existing subsisting on the land, built in his name 'Haykashen' the first village centre and allowed his sons and companions to extend north and west to establish their homes in their names thus expanding their rule a over new and yet unmarked and unnamed territory. At present even after 4500 years a few Toponyms Oronyms Hydronyms still have the names they were given by the Haykazouni' Aristocratic family that are responsible for establishing the Armenian culture and subsequently the Armenian identity . The question that needs to be answered is whether the Haykazouni family are responsible for the creation of the original language, the foundation, the base. Another way of looking at the problem of the origin of the roots of Armenian is to ask if the author of the legend of Haik adapted the newly invented Sumerian syllabic formula for the abstraction of words and the rules of grammar to develop a new 'logos' which he superimposed on the local vernacular thus establishing proto-Armenian they called Hayeren?
Proto-Armenian is the earlier, unattested stage of the Armenian language which has been reconstructed by linguists. As Arm enian is the only known language of its branch of the Indo-European languages, the comparative method cannot be used to reconstruct its earlier stages. Instead, a combination of internal and external reconstruction, by reconstructions of Proto-Indo-European and other branches, has allowed linguists to piece together the earlier history of Armenian.Proto-Armenian, as the ancestor of only one living language, has no clear definition of the term. It is generally held to include a variety of ancestral stages of Armenian between Proto-Indo-European and the earliest attestations of Classical Armenian.
It is thus not a proto-language in the strict sense, but "Proto-Armenian" is a term that has become common in the field.[citation needed]
The earliest testimony of Armenian is the 5th-century Bible translation of Mesrop Mashtots. The earlier history of the language is unclear and the subject of much speculation. It is clear that Armenian is an Indo-European language, but its development is opaque.
In any case, Armenian has many layers of loanwords and shows traces of long language contact with Anatolian languages such as Luwian and Hittite, Mitanni, Hurro-Urartian languages, Semitic languages such as Akkadian and Aramaic, and Iranian languages such as Persian and Parthian.
Phonological development of Proto-Armenian[edit]
The Proto-Armenian sound changes are varied and eccentric (such as *dw- yielding erk-) and, in many cases, uncertain. That prevented Armenian from being immediately recognized as an Indo-European branch in its own right, and it was assumed to be simply a very divergent Iranian language until Heinrich Hübschmann established its independent character in 1874.[2]
The development of voicing contrasts in Armenian is notable in being quite similar to that seen in Germanic, a fact that was significant in the formation of Glottalic Theory. The Armenian Consonant Shift has often been compared to the famous Grimm's Law in Germanic, because in both cases, Proto-Indo-European voiceless stops became voiceless aspirates (with some complications with regard to Proto-Indo-European *p), the voiced stops became voiceless, and the voiced aspirates became voiced stops.[3] Meanwhile, Armenian shares the vocalization of word initial laryngeals before consonants with Greek and Phrygian:[4] Proto-Indo-European *h₂nḗr ("man", "force") renders Greek anḗr, Armenian ayr from a Proto-Armenian *aynr [5] and Phrygian anar ("man"), which may be compared to Latin Nero and neriōsus ("strict"), Albanian njeri, Persian nar, Sanskrit nara, and Welsh nerth.
In certain contexts, the aspirated stops are further reduced to w, h or zero in Armenian: Proto-Indo-European (accusative) *pódm̥ "foot" > Armenian otn[dubious – discuss] vs. Greek (accusative) póda, Proto-Indo-European *tréyes "three" > Armenian erekʿ[dubious – discuss] vs. Greek treis.
In the tree model of historical linguistics, a proto-language is a postulated ancestral language from which a number of attested languages are believed to have descended by evolution, forming a language family. Proto-languages are usually unattested, or in some cases only partially attested. They are reconstructed by way of the comparative method.
Starting with Proto-Indo-European (PIE) which is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family. Its proposed features have been derived by linguistic reconstruction from documented Indo-PIE is hypothesized to have been spoken as a single language from 4500 BC to 2500 BC during the Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age, though estimates vary by more than a thousand years.European languages. No direct record of Proto-Indo-European exists. The linguistic reconstruction of PIE has provided insight into the pastoral culture and patriarchal religion of its speakers. Detailed analysis suggests a system of sound laws to describe the phonetic and phonological changes from the hypothetical ancestral words to the modern ones. These laws have become so detailed and reliable as to support the Neogrammarian rule: the
The Armenian hypothesis, also known as the Near Eastern model,[1] is a theory of the Proto-Indo-European homeland, initially proposed by linguists Tamaz V. Gamkrelidze and Vyacheslav Ivanov in the early 1980s, which suggests that the Proto-Indo-European language was spoken during the 5th–4th millennia BC in "eastern Anatolia, the southern Caucasus, and northern Mesopotamia"ndo-European sound laws apply without exception.
In Indo-European languages, there were two concepts regarding fire: that of an animate type called *h₁n̥gʷnís ( Sanskrit agni, English ignite from Latin ignis, and Russian ogon), and an inanimate type *péh₂wr̥ (Greek pyr, English fire,). A similar distinction existed for water. Only in the last stages of Mesopotamian polytheism, which developed in the 2nd and 1st millenniums BC, introduced greater emphasis on personal religion and structured the gods into a monarchical hierarchy with the national god being the head of the pantheon.
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