INBETWEEN INTERFACE COPULA

The tongue is a highly flexible organ that is capable of being moved in many different ways. For vowel articulation the principal variations are vowel height and the dimension of backness and frontness.^[52] A less common variation in vowel quality can be produced by a change in the shape of the front of the tongue, resulting in a rhotic or rhotacized vowel.

Phonology is a branch of linguistics that studies how languages or dialects systematically organize their sounds (or constituent parts of signs, in sign languages). The term also refers to the sound or sign system of any particular language variety. At one time, the study of phonology only related to the study of the systems of phonemes in spoken languages. Now it may relate to(a) any linguistic analysis either at a level beneath the word (including syllable, onset and rime, articulatory gestures, articulatory features, mora, etc.), or(b) all levels of language where sound or signs are structured to convey linguistic meaning.

Linking and intrusive R

Linking R and intrusive R are sandhi or linking phenomena involving the appearance of the rhotic consonant (which normally corresponds to the letter ⟨r⟩) between two consecutive morphemes where it would not normally be pronounced. These phenomena occur in many non-rhotic varieties of English, such as those in most of England and Wales, parts of the United States, and all of the Anglophone societies of the southern hemisphere, with the exception of South Africa. These phenomena first appeared in English sometime after the year 1700

The phenomenon of intrusive R is an overgeneralizing reinterpretation^[10][11] of linking R into an r-insertion rule that affects any word that ends in the non-high vowels /ə/, /ɪə/, /ɑː/, or /ɔː/;^[12] when such a word is closely followed by another word beginning in a vowel sound, an /r/ is inserted between them, even when no final /r/ was historically present.^[13] For example, the phrase bacteria in it would be pronounced /bækˈtɪəriərˌɪnɪt/. The epenthetic /r/ can be inserted to prevent hiatus, two consecutive vowel sounds.^[14]

Other recognisable examples are the Beatles singing: "I saw-r-a film today, oh boy" in the song "A Day in the Life", from their 1967 Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album; in the song "Champagne Supernova" by Oasis: "supernova-r-in the sky"; at the Sanctus in the Catholic Mass: "Hosanna-r-in the highest"; in the song "Scenes from an Italian Restaurant" by Billy Joel: "Brenda-r-and Eddie"; in the phrases, "Law-r-and order" and "Victoria-r-and Albert Museum", and even in the name "Maya-r-Angelou".^{[citation needed]} This is now common enough in parts of England that, by 1997, the linguist John C. Wells considered it objectively part of Received Pronunciation, though he noted that it was still stigmatized as an incorrect pronunciation,^[15] as it is or was in some other standardized non-rhotic accents. Wells writes that at least in RP, "linking /r/ and intrusive /r/ are distinct only historically and orthographically".^[16]

Just as with linking R, intrusive R may also occur between a root morpheme and certain suffixes, such as draw(r)ing, withdraw(r)al, or Kafka(r)esque.

In many non-rhotic accents, words historically ending in /r/ (as evidenced by an ⟨r⟩ in the spelling) may be pronounced with /r/ when they are closely followed by another morpheme beginning with a vowel sound. So tuner amp may be pronounced [ˈtjuːnər æmp].^{[nb 1]} This is the case in such accents even though tuner would not otherwise be pronounced with an /r/. Here, "closely" means the following word must be in the same prosodic unit (that is, not separated by a pausa). This phenomenon is known as linking R. Not all non-rhotic varieties feature linking R. A notable non-rhotic accent that does not have linking R is Southern

A rhotic speaker may use alternative strategies to prevent the hiatus, such as the insertion of a glottal stop to clarify the boundary between the two words. Varieties that feature linking R but not intrusive R (that is, tuna oil is pronounced [ˈtjuːnə (ʔ)ɔɪl]), show a clear phonemic distinction between words with and without /r/ in the syllable coda.^[17]

Some speakers intrude an R at the end of a word even when there is no vowel following. An example is U.S. President George W. Bush (who is from Texas) speaking to Federal Emergency Management Agency director Michael Brown in 2005: "The FEMA-R director's working 24/7".^{[18][non-primary source needed]}

Margaret Thatcher was nicknamed "Laura Norder" because of her references during her period of office to "law and order" with an intrusive /r/.^[19]

In phonology, hiatus, diaeresis (/daɪˈɛrəsəs, -ˈɪər-/),^[1] or dieresis describes the occurrence of two separate vowel sounds in adjacent syllables with no intervening consonant. When two vowel sounds instead occur together as part of a single syllable, the result is called a diphthong.

Sign languages have a phonological system equivalent to the system of sounds in spoken languages. The building blocks of signs are specifications for movement, location and handshape.[2]

The word 'phonology' (as in the phonology of English) can refer both to the field of study and to the phonological system (sound or sign system) of a given language.[3] This is one of the fundamental systems which a language is considered to comprise, like its syntax, its morphology and its vocabulary. The word phonology comes from Ancient Greek φωνή, phōnḗ, "voice, sound," and the suffix -logy (which is from Greek λόγος, lógos, "word, speech, subject of discussion").

Phonology is often distinguished from phonetics. While phonetics concerns the physical production, acoustic transmission and perception of the sounds or sign of language,[4][5] phonology describes the way they function within a given language or across languages to encode meaning.

Ar form a joint.

ORDER is the arrangement or disposition of people or things in relation to each other according to a particular sequence, pattern, or method.

LANGUAGE is the principal method of human communication, consisting of words used in a structured and conventional way and conveyed by speech, writing, or gesture.

SPEECH is the faculty or power of speaking; ability to express one's thoughts and emotions by speech sounds.

ARTICULATE person is able to express ideas clearly and effectively in sign language, speech or writing, having or showing the ability to speak fluently and coherently. 

ARTICULATE TECHNICAL is having joints or jointed segments. 

ARTICULATION, in phonetics, a configuration of the vocal tract (the larynx and the pharyngeal, oral, and nasal cavities) resulting from the positioning of the mobile organs of the vocal tract (e.g., tongue) relative to other parts of the vocal tract that may be rigid (e.g., hard palate).

Articulate (v.)
1590s, "to divide speech into distinct parts" (earlier in a now-obsolete sense "to formally bring charges against," 1550s), from Latin articulatus, past participle of articulare "to separate into joints," also "to utter distinctly," from articulus "a part, a member, a joint" (see article).

Generalized sense of "express in words" is from 1690s. In a physical sense, "to join, to attach by joints," it is attested from 1610s. Earlier sense "to set forth in articles" (1560s) now is obsolete or nearly so. Related: Articulated; articulating

Articulate (adj.)
1580s in the speech sense, "divided into distinct parts," hence "clear, distinct" (1570s as "set forth in articles"), from Latin articulatus "separated into joints" (see articulate (v.)). Compare Latin articulatim (adv.) "distinctly, in clear sequence." Physical meaning "composed of segments united by joints" in English is from c. 1600. The general sense of "speaking accurately" is short for articulate-speaking (1829). Related: Articulately.

Articulated (adj.)
"jointed," 1610s, past-participle adjective from articulate (v.) in the sense "unite by means of joints." Earlier, "set forth in articles" (1550s). In reference to speech, 1704. Meaning "made distinct" is from 1855.

ARTICLE (n)
c. 1200, "separate parts of anything written" (such as the statements in the Apostles' Creed, the clauses of a statute or contract), from Old French article (13c.), from Latin articulus "a part, a member," also "a knuckle; the article in grammar," diminutive of artus "a joint" (from PIE *ar(ə)-tu-, suffixed form of root *ar- "to fit together").

The grammatical sense of "word used attributively, to limit the application of a noun to one individual or set of individuals" is from 1530s, from this sense in Latin articulus, translating Greek arthron "a joint," the part of speech (with different meanings in ancient Greek and modern English) so called on the notion of the "pivots" or "joints" on which the propositions in a sentence are in various ways tied together.

Sound sources refer to the conversion of aerodynamic energy into acoustic energy. There are two main types of sound sources in the articulatory system: periodic (or more precisely semi-periodic) and aperiodic. A periodic sound source is vocal fold vibration produced at the glottis found in vowels and voiced consonants. A less common periodic sound source is the vibration of an oral articulator like the tongue found in alveolar trills. Aperiodic sound sources are the turbulent noise of fricative consonants and the short-noise burst of plosive releases produced in the oral cavity.
Voicing is caused by the vocal cords held close by each other, so that air passing through them makes them vibrate. All normally spoken vowels are voiced, as are all other sonorants except h, as well as some of the remaining sounds (b, d, g, v, z, zh, j, and the th sound in this). All the rest are voiceless sounds, with the vocal cords held far enough apart that there is no vibration; however, there is still a certain amount of audible friction, as in the sound h.

ARTICULATION

1. In oral communication, control of the voice so as to produce clear and distinct sounds in speech.

2. (semiotics) Structural levels within semiotic codes—which are divisible into those with single articulation, double articulation, or which are unarticulated. A semiotic code which has double articulation (as in the case of verbal language) can be analysed into two abstract structural levels: a higher level called the level of first articulation and a lower level—the level of second articulation. At the level of first articulation the system consists of the smallest meaningful units available (e.g. morphemes or words in a language). These meaningful units are complete signs, each consisting of a signifier and a signified. At the level of second articulation, a semiotic code is divisible into minimal functional units which lack meaning in themselves (e.g. phonemes in speech or graphemes in writing). They are not signs in themselves (the code must have a first level of articulation for these lower units to be combined into meaningful signs). If a code cannot be decomposed into minimal re-usable elements which are in themselves non-meaningful then the code lacks the double articulation found in verbal language. No-one has been able to identify any basic, recurrent, and rearrangeable non-meaningful units into which paintings, photographs, or films could be wholly decomposed and thus such media are said to lack double articulation. In linguistics, the use of the term articulation in the structural sense is largely abandoned, and double articulation is referred to as duality of patterning. In his list of the design features of human language, Hockett listed this as a feature not shared with the communication systems of any other species.

3. Structural relationships between elements of a social formation. See also base and superstructure; relative autonomy.

4. Broadly, in cultural studies, the intersection of different facets of social identity (such as gender, ethnicity, class, and age) at a particular moment.

A Venn diagram illustrating the intersection of two sets

In mathematics, a real number is a value of a continuous quantity that can represent a distance along a line (or alternatively, a quantity that can be represented as an infinite decimal expansion). In addition to measuring distance, real numbers can be used to measure quantities such as time, mass, energy, velocity, and many more.
The set of real numbers is denoted using the symbol R or and is sometimes called "the reals".
The term floating point refers to the fact that a number's radix point (decimal point, or, more commonly in computers, binary point) can "float"; that is, it can be placed anywhere relative to the significant digits of the number. This position is indicated as the exponent component, and thus the floating-point representation can be thought of as a kind of scientific notation. 

In language the Greek word 'para' a preposition or the Armenian 'ara' can be described as a floating point. On the eternal cycles of the sun the radix point, or the floating point can be said to be the 'ar' or the 'ara' or the 'r' the 'real', the binary point. this position as in math, in language can be defined as the exponent compound which is a a symbol/phoneme written above or before and or to the right of a mathematical expression to indicate the operation of raising to a power.

Real numbers can be thought of as points on an infinitely long line called the number line or real line,

In physics, spacetime is any mathematical model which fuses the three dimensions of space and the one dimension of time into a single four-dimensional manifold. Spacetime diagrams can be used to visualize relativistic effects, such as why different observers perceive differently where and when events occur.We live in a world of three dimensions. We move through space , either left or right, forward or backward, up or down. Everything around us, from the houses we live in to the objects we use in everyday life, has three dimensions: height, length, and width. But our three-dimensional world is represented in two dimensions (or flat planes) in language, in grammar, in the pages of books. There is also the fourth dimension to consider when dealing in language, grammar and that is time. This fourth dimension is essential when studying or describing anything say an event which is always placed in time. For example, imagine you are going to a party at the corner of 7th Avenue and 2nd Street on the 4th floor. You could 'abbreviate' that location with the coordinates 7, 2, 4, representing the three dimensions of space. But in order to describe an event, you need to add a time and/or fourth coordinate. If the event is at 3 pm, your coordinates for the event would be 7, 2, 4, 3. So time is an essential dimension for discussing events.
What are the 8 types of preposition?

Types of prepositions in English grammar: prepositions of time, place, movement, manner, agent, or instrument, measure, source and possession.
Also Preposition for Cause, Reason, Purpose. Simple Prepositions. Compound Prepositions.

A preposition is a word or group of words used before a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to show direction, time, place, location, spatial relationships, or to introduce an object. Some examples of prepositions are words like "in," "at," "on," "of," and "to." Prepositions in English are highly idiomatic. Here is a few more, above, across, against, along, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, by, down, from, in, into, near, off, toward, under, upon, with and within. A prepositional word or phrase almost always functions as an adjective or as an adverb.


In grammar, the base form of a verb is its simplest form. These exist without a special ending or suffix on their own but can be changed and added onto to fit different uses and tenses. A verb's base form is what appears in dictionary entries. A prepositional verb is an idiomatic expression that combines a verb and a preposition to make a new verb with a distinct meaning. Some examples of prepositional verbs in English are care for, long for, apply for, approve of, add to, resort to, result in, count on, and deal with.
A prepositional verb consists of a verb plus a particle which is clearly a preposition: for example, look at, send for, rely on. These are mostly lexically singly stressed, with a primary stress going on the verb. Thus look at has the same stress pattern as edit or borrow.

Does temporal language depend on spatial language? This widespread view is intuitively appealing since spatial and temporal expressions are often similar or identical. Also, metaphors consistently express temporal phenomena in terms of spatial language, pointing to a close semantic and conceptual relationship. But what about the application of the two kinds of linguistic expressions in natural discourse?Cognition is heavily grounded in space. As animals that move in space, we travel both physically and mentally in space and time, reliving past events, imagining future ones, and even constructing imaginary scenarios that play out in stories. Mental exploration of space is extraordinarily flexible, allowing us to zoom, adopt different vantage points, mentally rotate, and attach objects and sense impressions to create events, whether remembered, planned, or simply invented. The properties of spatiotemporal cognition depend on a hippocampal–entorhinal circuit of place cells, grid cells and border cells, with combinations of grid-cell modules generating a vast number of potential spatial remappings. The generativity of language, often considered one of its defining properties, may therefore derive not from the nature of language itself, but rather from the generativity of spatiotemporal scenarios, with language having evolved as a means of sharing them.


ALWAYS AN IN-BETWEENY, A FIXED POINT OR IN MOTION, TOUCHING OR WITH A GAP CONNECTING OR ONE RELATIVE TO ANOTHER, A PART OF A WHOLE, IN TIME AND SPACE AND ABSTRACT IDEAS, A POSITION, IN WORDS, PHRASES, SENTENCES, IN GRAMMAR A PREFIX OR A PREPOSITION; FOR OR AFT, ABOVE OR BELOW, LEFT OR RIGHT. OUT OF OR INTO ETC ETC A JOYSTICK, AN INTERFACE
Adjective, situated somewhere between two extremes or categories; intermediate.
"I am not unconscious, but in some in-between state"
Noun, an intermediate thing. "successes, failures, and in-betweens"



παρα-, παρά-, πάρα and Appendix:Variations of "para"
Etymology 1
From Ancient Greek παρά (pará, “beside; next to, near, from; against, contrary to”).
Greek Prefix
para-
above, beyond
beside, near, alongside; throughout
abnormal, incorrect
resembling

Armenian Prefixառ- (aṙ-)
toward, to, on, ad-‎
առ- (aṙ-) + ‎շերտ (šert, “stratum”) → ‎առշերտ (aṙšert, “adstratum”)
առ+նման+ություն • (aṙnmanutʿyun) (linguistics) assimilation

Preposition առ • (aṙ) (dated) by (in the formula X առ (aṙ) X, indicates a steady progression, one X after another). էջ առ էջ ― ēǰ aṙ ēǰ ― page by page

առ • (aṙ), base verb, take,

the taking say amount as in booty second-person singular imperative of առնել (aṙnel)



Common English Prepositions

(source: http://www.grammarbank.com/prepositions.html)
Space Time Other
Place Position Direction


above

across

along

among

at

away from

behind

below

beside

between

next

beyond

by

down

from

in

in front of

inside

into

near

off

across

into

on

opposite

out (of)

outside

over

around

through

to

toward

under

up

after

before

at

by

for

during

from

in

against

except

as

like

about

with

without

by

for