SUPER-ORGANIZATION THE BEE HIVE
THE BEE HIVE MIND over MATTER.
§ 1.9 The Drone, which is born among bees, hides itself among the combs during the day, but at night, when it observes that the bees are asleep, it invades their work and makes havoc in the hives. When the bees realise this (most of them are asleep, being thoroughly tired, though a few are lying in wait for the thief), directly they catch him they beat him, not violently, and thrust him out and cast him forth into exile. Yet even so the Drone has not learnt his lesson, for he is naturally slothful and greedy — two bad qualities! So he secretes himself outside the combs and later, when the bees fly forth to their feeding-grounds, pushes his way in and does what is natural to him, cramming himself and plundering the bees' treasure of honey. But they on returning from their pasturage, directly they encounter him, no longer beat him with moderation nor merely put him to flight, but fall upon him vigorously and make an end of the thief. The punishment which he suffers none can censure: he pays for his gluttony and voracity with his life.
This is what bee-keepers say, and they convince me.
This is what bee-keepers say, and they convince me.
Event Date: -1 GR
§ 1.10 Even among Bees there are some which are lazy, though they do not resemble drones in their habits, for they neither damage the combs nor have designs upon the honey, but feed themselves on the flowers, flying abroad and accompanying the others. But though they have no skill in the making and the gathering of honey, at any rate they are not completely inactive, for some fetch water for their king and for their elders, while the elders themselves attend upon the king and have been set apart to form his bodyguard. Meanwhile others of them have this for their task: they carry the dead bees out of the hive. For it is essential that their honeycombs should be clean, and they will not tolerate a dead bee in the hive. Others again keep watch by night, and their duty is to guard the fabric of honeycombs as though it were some tiny city.
Event Date: -1 GR
§ 1.11 A man may tell the age of Bees in the following way. Those born in the current year are glistening and are the colour of olive oil; the older ones are rough to the eye and to the touch and appear wrinkled with age. They have however greater experience and skill, time having instructed them in the art of making honey. They have too the faculty of divination, so that they know in advance when rain and frost are coming. And whenever they reckon that either or both are on their way, they do not extend their flight very far, but fly round about their hives as though they would be close to the door.
It is from these signs that bee-keepers augur the approach of stormy weather and warn the farmers. And yet Bees are not so afraid of frost as they are of heavy rain and snow. Often they fly against the wind, carrying between their feet a small pebble of such size as is easy to carry when on the wing. This is a device which they use to ballast themselves against a contrary wind, and particularly so that the breeze may not deflect them from their path.
It is from these signs that bee-keepers augur the approach of stormy weather and warn the farmers. And yet Bees are not so afraid of frost as they are of heavy rain and snow. Often they fly against the wind, carrying between their feet a small pebble of such size as is easy to carry when on the wing. This is a device which they use to ballast themselves against a contrary wind, and particularly so that the breeze may not deflect them from their path.
Event Date: -1 GR
Shaman, SHEM probably dissected and physically analysed the animals especially their brains, which we have proof he copied then crafted in wood or horn or stone and used as a totem, a symbol of power,000 years ago. The image of a brain is powerful because it incorporates the characteristics of each and every animal and works wonders as a totem for its psychological or spiritual effect.
HARRAN = KHAR*ANU = ROCK OF ANU Harran beehive houses
René Descartes' famous aphorism, 'I think therefore I am' proves that a human is a rational subject whose feature of thinking and imagining is what keeps him and human culture in existence.
The tendency of super-organisms once established is to auto-regulate and maintain a stable state with their external environment.
Complex systems in nature like super-organisms, in ecosystems, involve in a dynamic interaction with many variables like climate, the seasons the weather, fish, animals, plants, birds, insects and bacteria, predators and prey etc. These interactions can adapt to changing conditions but maintain a balance both between the various parts and as a whole, this balance is maintained through homeostasis.
Early Human societies had complex systems, designed as it were, within human ecosystems. About 30,000 years ago, Early humans, as hunter-gatherers, recognized and worked within the parameters of the complex systems in nature when their lives were circumscribed by the Ice-Age realities of nature.
The original mode of collective organized systems production must have had a Main Man/Woman or a ruling/governing MIND. He/She probably avoided the more outlandish claims of being the direct incarnation of a god and organized labor and society without resistance, simply as the chosen messenger of gods UNIVERSAL MIND. The All SEEING MINDS EYE.
Humans organized, long before Ancient Greek and Roman societies, where we see advanced examples of this ALL*ONE mode of organised existence. The forces of production associated with this mode include advanced agriculture, horticulture, forestry, the extensive use of animals and advanced surplus trade networks.
To understand the way wealth was produced, distributed and consumed, it is necessary to understand the conditions under which production is organized. For me a social order started to exists out of necessity, survival in isolation. For Marx, the whole secret of why/how a social order exists can be discovered in the specific mode of production that a society has imposed or adopted.
Modes of production are historically distinctive, because they constitute part of an organic totality (or self-reproducing whole) which is capable of constantly re-creating its own initial conditions and thus perpetuate itself in a more or less stable way for centuries, or even millennia.
Beyond the first simple modes of organized production applied say, 30,000 years ago by Pro-Magnum Man. A mode of production normally shapes the mode of distribution, circulation and consumption and is regulated by the higher MIND the state. Marx argued that the mode of production subsequently, substantively shapes the nature of the mode of distribution, the mode of circulation and the mode of consumption, all of which together constitute the human economic sphere.
The Higher Hive Mind.
The flint tools found in association with the remains at Cro-Magnon have associations with the Aurignacian culture that Lartet had identified a few years before he found the first skeletons. The Aurignacian differ from the earlier cultures by their finely worked bone or antler points and flint points made for hafting, the production of Venus figurines and cave painting. [23] They pierced bones, shells and teeth to make body ornaments. The figurines, cave-paintings, ornaments and the mysterious Venus figurines are a hallmark of Cro-Magnon culture, contrasting with the utilitarian culture of the Neanderthals.[24]
Like most early humans, the Cro-Magnons were primarily big-game hunters, killing mammoth, cave bears, horses, and reindeer.[25] They hunted with spears, javelins, and spear-throwers. Archery had not yet been invented. They would have been nomadic or semi-nomadic, following the annual migration of their prey, and also have eaten plant materials. In Mezhirich village in Ukraine, several huts built from mammoth bones possibly representing semi-permanent hunting camps have been unearthed.[19][26]
Finds of spun, dyed, and knotted flax fibers among Cro-Magnon artifacts in Dzudzuana shows they made cords for hafting stone tools, weaving baskets, or sewing garments. [27] Apart from the mammoth bone huts mentioned, they constructed shelter of rocks, clay, branches, and animal hide/fur. Manganese and iron oxides were used in rock paintings.
The similarity between animal brains and some of the Venus figurines have lead to some to suggest the possibility that some of the 'figurines' might in instead be life-sized animal brain-images.
I bring this up for it has been proposed that ancient shaman carved brain replicas that encoded characteristics of the totem animals, whose brains they copied.
If that be the case, one need not go further to make the point that man is not a primate. This that ancient shaman proves that humans have always had the capability, need, to imitate nature to survive the extremes reality throws out.
René Descartes' famous aphorism, 'I think therefore I am' proves that a human is a rational subject whose feature of thinking and imagining is what keeps him and human culture in existence.
The tendency of super-organisms once established is to auto-regulate and maintain a stable state with their external environment.
The tendency of super-organisms once established is to auto-regulate and maintain a stable state with their external environment.
Complex systems in nature like super-organisms, in ecosystems, involve in a dynamic interaction with many variables like climate, the seasons the weather, fish, animals, plants, birds, insects and bacteria, predators and prey etc. These interactions can adapt to changing conditions but maintain a balance both between the various parts and as a whole, this balance is maintained through homeostasis.
The original mode of collective organized systems production must have had a Main Man/Woman or a ruling/governing MIND. He/She probably avoided the more outlandish claims of being the direct incarnation of a god and organized labor and society without resistance, simply as the chosen messenger of gods UNIVERSAL MIND. The All SEEING MINDS EYE.
Humans organized, long before Ancient Greek and Roman societies, where we see advanced examples of this ALL*ONE mode of organised existence. The forces of production associated with this mode include advanced agriculture, horticulture, forestry, the extensive use of animals and advanced surplus trade networks.
To understand the way wealth was produced, distributed and consumed, it is necessary to understand the conditions under which production is organized. For me a social order started to exists out of necessity, survival in isolation. For Marx, the whole secret of why/how a social order exists can be discovered in the specific mode of production that a society has imposed or adopted.
Modes of production are historically distinctive, because they constitute part of an organic totality (or self-reproducing whole) which is capable of constantly re-creating its own initial conditions and thus perpetuate itself in a more or less stable way for centuries, or even millennia.
Beyond the first simple modes of organized production applied say, 30,000 years ago by Pro-Magnum Man. A mode of production normally shapes the mode of distribution, circulation and consumption and is regulated by the higher MIND the state. Marx argued that the mode of production subsequently, substantively shapes the nature of the mode of distribution, the mode of circulation and the mode of consumption, all of which together constitute the human economic sphere.
Beyond the first simple modes of organized production applied say, 30,000 years ago by Pro-Magnum Man. A mode of production normally shapes the mode of distribution, circulation and consumption and is regulated by the higher MIND the state. Marx argued that the mode of production subsequently, substantively shapes the nature of the mode of distribution, the mode of circulation and the mode of consumption, all of which together constitute the human economic sphere.
The Higher Hive Mind.
The flint tools found in association with the remains at Cro-Magnon have associations with the Aurignacian culture that Lartet had identified a few years before he found the first skeletons. The Aurignacian differ from the earlier cultures by their finely worked bone or antler points and flint points made for hafting, the production of Venus figurines and cave painting. [23] They pierced bones, shells and teeth to make body ornaments. The figurines, cave-paintings, ornaments and the mysterious Venus figurines are a hallmark of Cro-Magnon culture, contrasting with the utilitarian culture of the Neanderthals.[24]
The flint tools found in association with the remains at Cro-Magnon have associations with the Aurignacian culture that Lartet had identified a few years before he found the first skeletons. The Aurignacian differ from the earlier cultures by their finely worked bone or antler points and flint points made for hafting, the production of Venus figurines and cave painting. [23] They pierced bones, shells and teeth to make body ornaments. The figurines, cave-paintings, ornaments and the mysterious Venus figurines are a hallmark of Cro-Magnon culture, contrasting with the utilitarian culture of the Neanderthals.[24]
Like most early humans, the Cro-Magnons were primarily big-game hunters, killing mammoth, cave bears, horses, and reindeer.[25] They hunted with spears, javelins, and spear-throwers. Archery had not yet been invented. They would have been nomadic or semi-nomadic, following the annual migration of their prey, and also have eaten plant materials. In Mezhirich village in Ukraine, several huts built from mammoth bones possibly representing semi-permanent hunting camps have been unearthed.[19][26]
Finds of spun, dyed, and knotted flax fibers among Cro-Magnon artifacts in Dzudzuana shows they made cords for hafting stone tools, weaving baskets, or sewing garments. [27] Apart from the mammoth bone huts mentioned, they constructed shelter of rocks, clay, branches, and animal hide/fur. Manganese and iron oxides were used in rock paintings.
The similarity between animal brains and some of the Venus figurines have lead to some to suggest the possibility that some of the 'figurines' might in instead be life-sized animal brain-images.
If that be the case, one need not go further to make the point that man is not a primate. This that ancient shaman proves that humans have always had the capability, need, to imitate nature to survive the extremes reality throws out.
Goal-governed behavior.
THE HIVE MIND OF A BEE KEEPER NEEDS A QUEEN BEE.
Trust the Bee Keeper if you are looking for a working model of a human Society.
BEE KEEPING IS A LOW INTERVENTION HIGH KNOWLEDGE GAME.
The principal of self organization on the digital plane. SWARM. Artificial Intelligence.
I think it must have been in the ice-age about 50,000 years ago that man made an electron jump, for he brought forth magical symbols, out of mind. Possibly a Shamanic centralized matriarchal extended isolate clan.
The first organized 'Heavenly Queen Bee' society must have been founded on the Bee Keepers intimate knowledge of the workings of natural super-organisms mode for collective organization. The 'all for one, one for all.'
Divine intelligence and swarm theory, or, Group mind, hive mind, group ego, mind coalescence, are all used as a plot device in which multiple minds, or consciousnesses, are linked into a single, collective consciousness or intelligence .
This points to 'day one' when the 'one mind' understood how a swarm, a super-organism, works as one, becoming ONE with the ways of the creators mind.
A Superorganism is a group of synergetically interacting organisms of the same species toward a common goal. Today the term superorganism is used most often to describe a social unit of eusocial animals, where division of labour is highly specialised and where individuals are not able to survive by themselves for extended periods. Ants and bees are the best-known example of such a superorganism.
Further a superorganism can be defined as "a collection of agents which can act in concert to produce phenomena governed by the collective".
Best example I can think of is first a BEE KEEPER, A QUEEN BEE, A BEEHIVE last a BEE COLONIES..
SUPERORGANISM phenomena being any activity "the hive wants" such as ants collecting food and avoiding predators, or bees choosing a new nest site. Superorganisms tend to exhibit homeostasis, power law scaling, persistent disequilibrium and emergent behaviours. The Gaia hypothesis of James Lovelock, and Lynn Margulis as well as the work of Hutton, Vladimir Vernadsky and Guy Murchie, have suggested that the biosphere itself can be considered a superorganism.
I wonder if once man understood how DIVINE INTELLIGENCE worked, if their was/is any going back and back to what, ape like constant fear?
So was it the BEE KEEPER WHO GAVE NO LEGS TO MELISSA, MELITTA, VENUS, to kick off the matrilineal clan which represented the superorganism principle of self-organization on the group, or was it a MOTHER/SON ORDER. Possibly a Shaman with a Central Mother Figure.
BEE KEEPING IS A LOW INTERVENTION HIGH KNOWLEDGE GAME.
The principal of self organization on the digital plane. SWARM. Artificial Intelligence.
I think it must have been in the ice-age about 50,000 years ago that man made an electron jump, for he brought forth magical symbols, out of mind. Possibly a Shamanic centralized matriarchal extended isolate clan.
The first organized 'Heavenly Queen Bee' society must have been founded on the Bee Keepers intimate knowledge of the workings of natural super-organisms mode for collective organization. The 'all for one, one for all.'
Divine intelligence and swarm theory, or, Group mind, hive mind, group ego, mind coalescence, are all used as a plot device in which multiple minds, or consciousnesses, are linked into a single, collective consciousness or intelligence .
This points to 'day one' when the 'one mind' understood how a swarm, a super-organism, works as one, becoming ONE with the ways of the creators mind.
A Superorganism is a group of synergetically interacting organisms of the same species toward a common goal. Today the term superorganism is used most often to describe a social unit of eusocial animals, where division of labour is highly specialised and where individuals are not able to survive by themselves for extended periods. Ants and bees are the best-known example of such a superorganism.
Further a superorganism can be defined as "a collection of agents which can act in concert to produce phenomena governed by the collective".
Best example I can think of is first a BEE KEEPER, A QUEEN BEE, A BEEHIVE last a BEE COLONIES..
SUPERORGANISM phenomena being any activity "the hive wants" such as ants collecting food and avoiding predators, or bees choosing a new nest site. Superorganisms tend to exhibit homeostasis, power law scaling, persistent disequilibrium and emergent behaviours. The Gaia hypothesis of James Lovelock, and Lynn Margulis as well as the work of Hutton, Vladimir Vernadsky and Guy Murchie, have suggested that the biosphere itself can be considered a superorganism.
I wonder if once man understood how DIVINE INTELLIGENCE worked, if their was/is any going back and back to what, ape like constant fear?
So was it the BEE KEEPER WHO GAVE NO LEGS TO MELISSA, MELITTA, VENUS, to kick off the matrilineal clan which represented the superorganism principle of self-organization on the group, or was it a MOTHER/SON ORDER. Possibly a Shaman with a Central Mother Figure.
The concept of a superorganism raises the question of what is to be considered an individual. Finally, recent work in social psychology has offered the superorganism metaphor as a unifying framework to understand diverse aspects of human sociality, such as religion, conformity, and social identity processes.
Morgan insisted that the matrilineal clan preceded the family as society's fundamental unit. I agree
'The mother-right gens', wrote Engels in his survey of contemporary historical materialist scholarship, 'has become the pivot around which the entire science turns...' Engels argued that the matrilineal clan represented a principle of self-organization so vibrant and effective that it allowed no room for patriarchal dominance or the territorial state.
THE FALL OF MAN
"Some say that unto bees a share is given of the Divine Intelligence." -Virgil
MELITTA, MELITTOLOGY:
Melittology (from Greek μέλιττα, melitta, "bee"; and -λογία -logia) is a branch of entomology concerning the scientific study of bees. It may also be called apicology. Apiology – (from Latin apis, "bee"; and Ancient Greek -λογία, -logia) is the scientific study of honey bees.
Honey bees are often chosen as a study group to answer questions on the evolution of social systems.
The best known honey bee is the Western honey bee which has been domesticated for honey production and crop pollination. Honey bees represent only a small fraction of the roughly 20,000 known species of bees.[2] Only members of the genus Apis are true honey bees. The study of bees, which includes the study of honey bees, is known as melittology.
Eusociality (from Greek εὖ eu "good" and social), the highest level of organization of animal sociality, is defined by the following characteristics: cooperative brood care (including care of offspring from other individuals), overlapping generations within a colony of adults, and a division of labor into reproductive and non-reproductive groups. Eusociality exists in certain insects, mostly observed and studied in the Hymenoptera (ants, bees, and wasps) and in the termites. A colony has caste differences: queens and reproductive males take the roles of the sole reproducers, while soldiers and workers work together to create a living situation favorable for the brood.
An early 21st century debate focused on whether humans are prosocial versus eusocial.[37] Edward O. Wilson, in his controversial[1][38][39] 2012 book, The Social Conquest of the Earth, referred to humans as a species of eusocial ape. He supported his reasoning by stating our eusocial similarities to ants, and by observing that early hominins cooperated to rear their children while other members of the same group hunted and foraged; he noted that all eusocial species went through just such a stage of collective rearing.[1] Humans also fall under some of Wilson's original criteria of eusociality (some kind of division of labor, overlapping generations, and cooperative care of young including ones that are not their own). Wilson argued that through cooperation and teamwork, ants and humans gain a type of "superpower" that is unavailable to other social animals that have failed to make the leap from social to eusocial. In his view, eusociality creates the superorganism.[40]
The term "eusocial" was introduced in 1966 by Suzanne Batra who used it to describe nesting behavior in Halictine bees.[2][3]Batra observed the cooperative behavior of the bees, males and females alike, as they took responsibility for at least one duty (i.e. burrowing, cell construction, oviposition) within the colony. The cooperativeness was essential as the activity of one labor division greatly influenced the activity of another.
Richard Dawkins[38] and Steven Pinker, have noted that human groups involve many unrelated families who may cooperate to a high level, but do not have reproductive division of labor. Gintis further observed that biological altruism cannot exist in "advanced eusocial species", because altruism by definition reduces fitness: but non-reproductive workers already have a fitness of zero. Gintis thus agreed with Dawkins that humans are not eusocial, though he suggested some changes to Hamilton's rule to make it more complete.[1]Darwin referred to the existence of sterile castes as the "one special difficulty, which at first appeared to me insuperable, and actually fatal to my theory".
Many scientists citing the close phylogenetic relationships between eusocial and non-eusocial species are making the case that environmental factors are especially important in the evolution of eusociality. This fits in with my view that humans who survived the ice age, must have been aware of the HIVE HIGHER MIND of the superorganisms.
A Mesolithic rock painting, 10,000 years old, showing two honey hunters collecting honey and honeycomb from a wild bee nest is the oldest trace of beekeeping or honey eating we have. The figures are depicted carrying baskets or gourds, and using a ladder or series of ropes to reach the wild nest.
The greater honeyguide bird guides humans to wild bee hives.
The oldest known honey remains were found in the country of Georgia. Archaeologists found honey remains on the inner surface of clay vessels unearthed in an ancient tomb, dating back some 4,700–5,500 years. In ancient Georgia, several types of honey were buried with a person for their journey into the afterlife, including linden, berry, and meadow-flower varieties
The first evidence of the practice of beekeeping in Egypt, comes from scenes in the solar temple of Newoserre Any (2474-2444 BC).
The economies and culture of Ancient Egypt, was tightly controlled by the state, with many wonderful titles of government officials including ‘Sealer of the Honey’, ‘Divine Sealer’, ‘Overseer of all Beekeepers’ and ‘Chief Beekeeper’. There was also a large demand for honey to be used as offerings to the gods. Ramses III made an offering of 21,000 jars of honey to Hapi, the Nile god. And when Re wept, his tears turned into a bee which “busied himself with the flowers of every plant, and so wax was made and also honey.”
The bee was an emblem of Potnia, the Minoan-Mycenaean "Mistress", also referred to as "The Pure Mother Bee". Her priestesses received the name of "Melissa" ("bee"). In addition, priestesses worshiping Artemis and Demeter were called "Bees". Appearing in tomb decorations, Mycenaean tholos tombs were shaped as beehives.
The primary religious figure for the Minoans of Crete was the Mother Goddess. She had numerous manifestations, one of which was a bee. The Queen Bee was especially important, for she was the leader and the ruler of the hive, adored by Bee priestesses.
Apollo gave the gift of bees to Hermes, including three female Bee maidens, the three Fates. The Omphalos stone at Delphi, site of the most important oracle in the ancient world, resembles a beehive with crisscrossing rows of bee symbols.
Honey was the food of the gods. Infant Zeus was fed honey by his nurse Melissa (Greek for honey bee), a nymph who discovered and taught the use of honey.
For the Romans, Bacchus, god of wine, discovered honey and taught beekeeping to humans. Virgil wrote a practical beekeeping thesis, describing the working of the beehive in great detail. Pliny the elder called honey the “sweat of the heavens” and the “saliva of the stars.” For the ancients, then, the bee was a link between humans and the divine.
Sustainable agriculture is farming in sustainable ways is based on an understanding of ecosystem services, the study of relationships between organisms and their environment.
Beekeepers are also called honey farmers, apiarists, or less commonly, api-culturists.
This term may be used interchangeably with hive mind. A hive mind describes a group mind in which the linked individuals have no identity or free will and are talked into / possessed / mind controlled as extensions of the hive mind. It is frequently associated with the concept of an entity that spreads among individuals and suppresses or subsumes their consciousness in the process of integrating them into its own collective consciousness. The concept of the group or hive mind is an intelligent version of real-life superorganisms such as an ant colony or beehive.
The concept of a superorganism raises the question of what is to be considered an individual. Finally, recent work in social psychology has offered the superorganism metaphor as a unifying framework to understand diverse aspects of human sociality, such as religion, conformity, and social identity processes.
Morgan insisted that the matrilineal clan preceded the family as society's fundamental unit. I agree 'The mother-right gens', wrote Engels in his survey of contemporary historical materialist scholarship, 'has become the pivot around which the entire science turns...' Engels argued that the matrilineal clan represented a principle of self-organization so vibrant and effective that it allowed no room for patriarchal dominance or the territorial state.
THE FALL OF MAN
"Some say that unto bees a share is given of the Divine Intelligence." -VirgilMELITTA, MELITTOLOGY:
Melittology (from Greek μέλιττα, melitta, "bee"; and -λογία -logia) is a branch of entomology concerning the scientific study of bees. It may also be called apicology. Apiology – (from Latin apis, "bee"; and Ancient Greek -λογία, -logia) is the scientific study of honey bees.
Honey bees are often chosen as a study group to answer questions on the evolution of social systems.
The best known honey bee is the Western honey bee which has been domesticated for honey production and crop pollination. Honey bees represent only a small fraction of the roughly 20,000 known species of bees.[2] Only members of the genus Apis are true honey bees. The study of bees, which includes the study of honey bees, is known as melittology.
Eusociality (from Greek εὖ eu "good" and social), the highest level of organization of animal sociality, is defined by the following characteristics: cooperative brood care (including care of offspring from other individuals), overlapping generations within a colony of adults, and a division of labor into reproductive and non-reproductive groups. Eusociality exists in certain insects, mostly observed and studied in the Hymenoptera (ants, bees, and wasps) and in the termites. A colony has caste differences: queens and reproductive males take the roles of the sole reproducers, while soldiers and workers work together to create a living situation favorable for the brood.
An early 21st century debate focused on whether humans are prosocial versus eusocial.[37] Edward O. Wilson, in his controversial[1][38][39] 2012 book, The Social Conquest of the Earth, referred to humans as a species of eusocial ape. He supported his reasoning by stating our eusocial similarities to ants, and by observing that early hominins cooperated to rear their children while other members of the same group hunted and foraged; he noted that all eusocial species went through just such a stage of collective rearing.[1] Humans also fall under some of Wilson's original criteria of eusociality (some kind of division of labor, overlapping generations, and cooperative care of young including ones that are not their own). Wilson argued that through cooperation and teamwork, ants and humans gain a type of "superpower" that is unavailable to other social animals that have failed to make the leap from social to eusocial. In his view, eusociality creates the superorganism.[40]
The term "eusocial" was introduced in 1966 by Suzanne Batra who used it to describe nesting behavior in Halictine bees.[2][3]Batra observed the cooperative behavior of the bees, males and females alike, as they took responsibility for at least one duty (i.e. burrowing, cell construction, oviposition) within the colony. The cooperativeness was essential as the activity of one labor division greatly influenced the activity of another.
Richard Dawkins[38] and Steven Pinker, have noted that human groups involve many unrelated families who may cooperate to a high level, but do not have reproductive division of labor. Gintis further observed that biological altruism cannot exist in "advanced eusocial species", because altruism by definition reduces fitness: but non-reproductive workers already have a fitness of zero. Gintis thus agreed with Dawkins that humans are not eusocial, though he suggested some changes to Hamilton's rule to make it more complete.[1]Darwin referred to the existence of sterile castes as the "one special difficulty, which at first appeared to me insuperable, and actually fatal to my theory".
Many scientists citing the close phylogenetic relationships between eusocial and non-eusocial species are making the case that environmental factors are especially important in the evolution of eusociality. This fits in with my view that humans who survived the ice age, must have been aware of the HIVE HIGHER MIND of the superorganisms.
A Mesolithic rock painting, 10,000 years old, showing two honey hunters collecting honey and honeycomb from a wild bee nest is the oldest trace of beekeeping or honey eating we have. The figures are depicted carrying baskets or gourds, and using a ladder or series of ropes to reach the wild nest.
The greater honeyguide bird guides humans to wild bee hives.
The oldest known honey remains were found in the country of Georgia. Archaeologists found honey remains on the inner surface of clay vessels unearthed in an ancient tomb, dating back some 4,700–5,500 years. In ancient Georgia, several types of honey were buried with a person for their journey into the afterlife, including linden, berry, and meadow-flower varieties
The first evidence of the practice of beekeeping in Egypt, comes from scenes in the solar temple of Newoserre Any (2474-2444 BC).
The economies and culture of Ancient Egypt, was tightly controlled by the state, with many wonderful titles of government officials including ‘Sealer of the Honey’, ‘Divine Sealer’, ‘Overseer of all Beekeepers’ and ‘Chief Beekeeper’. There was also a large demand for honey to be used as offerings to the gods. Ramses III made an offering of 21,000 jars of honey to Hapi, the Nile god. And when Re wept, his tears turned into a bee which “busied himself with the flowers of every plant, and so wax was made and also honey.”
The bee was an emblem of Potnia, the Minoan-Mycenaean "Mistress", also referred to as "The Pure Mother Bee". Her priestesses received the name of "Melissa" ("bee"). In addition, priestesses worshiping Artemis and Demeter were called "Bees". Appearing in tomb decorations, Mycenaean tholos tombs were shaped as beehives.
The primary religious figure for the Minoans of Crete was the Mother Goddess. She had numerous manifestations, one of which was a bee. The Queen Bee was especially important, for she was the leader and the ruler of the hive, adored by Bee priestesses.
The primary religious figure for the Minoans of Crete was the Mother Goddess. She had numerous manifestations, one of which was a bee. The Queen Bee was especially important, for she was the leader and the ruler of the hive, adored by Bee priestesses.
Apollo gave the gift of bees to Hermes, including three female Bee maidens, the three Fates. The Omphalos stone at Delphi, site of the most important oracle in the ancient world, resembles a beehive with crisscrossing rows of bee symbols.
Honey was the food of the gods. Infant Zeus was fed honey by his nurse Melissa (Greek for honey bee), a nymph who discovered and taught the use of honey.
For the Romans, Bacchus, god of wine, discovered honey and taught beekeeping to humans. Virgil wrote a practical beekeeping thesis, describing the working of the beehive in great detail. Pliny the elder called honey the “sweat of the heavens” and the “saliva of the stars.” For the ancients, then, the bee was a link between humans and the divine.
Sustainable agriculture is farming in sustainable ways is based on an understanding of ecosystem services, the study of relationships between organisms and their environment.
This term may be used interchangeably with hive mind. A hive mind describes a group mind in which the linked individuals have no identity or free will and are talked into / possessed / mind controlled as extensions of the hive mind. It is frequently associated with the concept of an entity that spreads among individuals and suppresses or subsumes their consciousness in the process of integrating them into its own collective consciousness. The concept of the group or hive mind is an intelligent version of real-life superorganisms such as an ant colony or beehive.
A DIGITAL SWARM A SUPER-ORGANISM.
ORGANIZE ORGANIZE ORGANIZE
There is also what is named Collective Intelligence (CI) meaning shared or group intelligence that emerges from the collaboration, collective efforts, and competition of many individuals and appears in consensus decision making. The term appears in sociobiology, political science and in context of mass peer review and crowd sourcing applications. It may involve consensus, social capital and formalism's such as voting systems, social media and other means of quantifying mass activity. Collective IQ is a measure of collective intelligence, although it is often used interchangeably with the term collective intelligence. Collective intelligence has also been attributed to bacteria and some other animals.
Swarm intelligence (SI) is the collective behavior of decentralized, self-organized systems, natural or artificial. The concept is employed in work on artificial intelligence. SI systems consist typically of a population of simple agents or boids interacting locally with one another and with their environment. The inspiration often comes from nature, especially biological systems. The agents follow very simple rules, and although there is no centralized control structure dictating how individual agents should behave, local, and to a certain degree random, interactions between such agents lead to the emergence of "intelligent" global behavior, unknown to the individual agents. Examples in natural systems of SI include ant colonies, bird flocking, animal herding, bacterial growth, fish schooling and microbial intelligence.
Synoecism; Etymologically the word means "dwelling together (syn) in the same house (oikos)." Subsequently, any act of civic union between polities of any size was described by the word synoikismos. The closest analogy today is the incorporation of a city; in fact, "incorporation" is often used to translate synoikismos, in addition to the Latinized synoecism. Synoecism is opposed to Greek dioecism (διοικισμóς, dioikismos), the creation of independent communities within the territory of a polis.
Swarm intelligence (SI) is the collective behavior of decentralized, self-organized systems, natural or artificial. The concept is employed in work on artificial intelligence. SI systems consist typically of a population of simple agents or boids interacting locally with one another and with their environment. The inspiration often comes from nature, especially biological systems. The agents follow very simple rules, and although there is no centralized control structure dictating how individual agents should behave, local, and to a certain degree random, interactions between such agents lead to the emergence of "intelligent" global behavior, unknown to the individual agents. Examples in natural systems of SI include ant colonies, bird flocking, animal herding, bacterial growth, fish schooling and microbial intelligence.
Synoecism; Etymologically the word means "dwelling together (syn) in the same house (oikos)." Subsequently, any act of civic union between polities of any size was described by the word synoikismos. The closest analogy today is the incorporation of a city; in fact, "incorporation" is often used to translate synoikismos, in addition to the Latinized synoecism. Synoecism is opposed to Greek dioecism (διοικισμóς, dioikismos), the creation of independent communities within the territory of a polis.
Organizational aspects of a human culture to counter sloth including the mental, spiritual, pathological, and physical states.
A single person makes decisions motivated by self-preservation. Therefore, how, without the BEE KEEPER/godhead can One sacrifice for the All understand, act on collective intelligence. Necessity is the mother of invention. Self preservation and self-serving thoughts, dont occur simultaneously. It is a matter of mimicking a superorganismc or walk the path of extinction.
A capacity for imitation.
The relationship between human culture, society and the individual.
In the scientific community, imitation is the process in which an organism/culture purposefully observes and copies the methods of another organism/culture in order to achieve a tangible goal. Collective survival?
My question is, if it is possible or probable for our human culture to have begun and evolved using an animal culture model.
One definition of culture, particularly in relation to the organizational aspect is the utilization of "involvement, consistency, adaptation, and mission."[3] Cultural traits that are indicators of a successful form of organization are more likely to be assimilated into everyday life. Actions that increase ones probability of survival dictate MEMES.The idea of memes as following a form of Natural Selection was first presented by Daniel Dennett.[5] It has also been argued by Dennett that memes are responsible for the entirety of human consciousness. There are the positive and negative side effects of these hypothetical imitations. Let us say that humans have a very high capacity for imitation.
The idea that all human culture evolved from one main culture has been presented, citing the inter-connectedness of languages as one example has also been presented.[8] There is, however, also the possibility for disparate ancestral cultures, in that the cultures we see today may potentially have stemmed from more than one original culture.
Charles Darwin first attempted to find the existence of imitation in animals when attempting to prove his theory that the human mind had evolved from that of lower beings. Darwin was also the first to suggest what became known as social learning in attempting to explain the transmission of an adaptive pattern of behavior through a population of honey bees.[10]
Honey bees, live socially in colonies.The true honey bees (genus Apis, of which there are seven currently-recognized species) are highly eusocial, and are among the best known of all insects. Their colonies are established by swarms, consisting of a queen and several hundred workers. There are 29 subspecies of one of these species, Apis mellifera, native to Europe, the Middle East, and Africa.
According to inclusive fitness theory, organisms can gain fitness not just through increasing their own reproductive output, but also that of close relatives. In evolutionary terms, individuals should help relatives when Cost < Relatedness * Benefit. The requirements for eusociality are more easily fulfilled by haplodiploid species such as bees because of their unusual relatedness structure.[27] In haplodiploid species, females develop from fertilized eggs and males from unfertilized eggs. Because a male is haploid (has only one copy of each gene), his daughters (which are diploid, with two copies of each gene) share 100% of his genes and 50% of their mother's. Therefore, they share 75% of their genes with each other. This mechanism of sex determination gives rise to what W. D. Hamilton termed "supersisters", more closely related to their sisters than they would be to their own offspring.
Depictions of humans collecting honey from wild bees date to 10,000 years ago. Beekeeping in pottery vessels began about 9,000 years ago in North Africa. Domestication of bees is shown in Egyptian art from around 4,500 years ago.
In mythology and folklore
Three bee maidens with the power of divination and thus speaking truth are described in Homer's Hymn to Hermes, and the food of the gods is "identified as honey"; the bee maidens were originally associated with Apollo, and are probably not correctly identified with the Thriae.[citation needed] Honey, according to a Greek myth, was discovered by a nymph called Melissa ("Bee"); and honey was offered to the Greek gods from Mycenean times. Bees were associated, too, with the Delphic oracle and the prophetess was sometimes called a bee.[83]
The image of a community of honey bees has been used from ancient to modern times, in Aristotle and Plato; in Virgil and Seneca; in Erasmus and Shakespeare; Tolstoy, and by political and social theorists such as Bernard Mandeville and Karl Marxas a model for human society.[84] In English folklore, bees would be told of important events in the household, in a custom known as "Telling the bees".[85]
Bee keeper our father. The Main Man.
Humans have kept honey bee colonies, commonly in hives, for millennia. Beekeepers collect honey, beeswax, propolis, pollen, and royal jelly from hives; bees are also kept to pollinate crops and to produce bees for sale to other beekeepers.
Depictions of humans collecting honey from wild bees date to 15,000 years ago; efforts to domesticate them are shown in Egyptian art around 4,500 years ago.[90] Simple hives and smoke were used;[91][92] jars of honey were found in the tombs of pharaohs such as Tutankhamun. From the 18th century, European understanding of the colonies and biology of bees allowed the construction of the moveable comb hive so that honey could be harvested without destroying the colony.[93][94] Among Classical Era authors, beekeeping with the use of smoke is described in the History of Animals Book 9.[95] The account mentions that bees die after stinging; that workers remove corpses from the hive, and guard it; castes including workers and non-working drones, but "kings" rather than queens; predators including toads and bee-eaters; and the waggle dance, with the "irresistible suggestion" of άpοσειονται (aroseiontai, it waggles) and παρακολουθούσιν (parakolouthousin, they watch).[96][b]
Beekeeping is described in detail by Virgil in his Eclogues; it is also mentioned in his Aeneid, and in Pliny's Natural History.
ANTHROPOMORPHISED ANTS In culture.
Anthropomorphised ants have often been used in fables and children's stories to represent industriousness and cooperative effort. They also are mentioned in religious texts.[192][193] In the Book of Proverbs in the Bible, ants are held up as a good example for humans for their hard work and cooperation. Aesop did the same in his fable The Ant and the Grasshopper. In the Quran, Sulayman is said to have heard and understood an ant warning other ants to return home to avoid being accidentally crushed. In parts of Africa, ants are considered to be the messengers of the deities. Some Native American mythology, such as the Hopi mythology, considers ants as the very first animals.
Ant society has always fascinated humans. Some modern authors have used the example of the ants to comment on the relationship between society and the individual. Examples are Robert Frost in his poem "Departmental" and T. H. White in his fantasy novel The Once and Future King. The plot in French entomologist and writer Bernard Werber's Les Fourmis science-fiction trilogy is divided between the worlds of ants and humans; ants and their behaviour is described using contemporary scientific knowledge. H.G. Wells wrote about intelligent ants destroying human settlements in Brazil and threatening human civilization in his 1905 science-fiction short story, The Empire of the Ants. In more recent times, animated cartoons and 3-D animated films featuring ants have been produced including Antz, A Bug's Life, The Ant Bully, The Ant and the Aardvark, Ferdy the Ant and Atom Ant. Renowned myrmecologist E. O. Wilson wrote a short story, "Trailhead" in 2010 for The New Yorker magazine, which describes the life and death of an ant-queen and the rise and fall of her colony, from an ants' point of view.[199]
The French neuroanatomist, psychiatrist and eugenicist Auguste Forel believed that ant societies were models for human society. He published a five volume work from 1921 to 1923 that examined ant biology and society.[200]
In the early 1990s, the video game SimAnt, which simulated an ant colony, won the 1992 Codie award for "Best Simulation Program".[201]
Ants also are quite popular inspiration for many science-fiction insectoids, such as the Formics of Ender's Game, the Bugs of Starship Troopers, the giant ants in the films Them! and Empire of the Ants, Marvel Comics' super hero Ant-Man, and ants mutated into super-intelligence in Phase IV. In computer strategy games, ant-based species often benefit from increased production rates due to their single-minded focus, such as the Klackons in the Master of Orion series of games or the ChCht in Deadlock II. These characters are often credited with a hive mind, a common misconception about ant colonies.
It has been hypothesised that a Proto-Indo-European word *morwi- was used, cf. Sanskrit vamrah, Latin formīca, Greek μύρμηξ mýrmēx, Old Church Slavonic mraviji, Old Irish moirb, Old Norsemaurr, Dutch mier. MR-DK MAR-DUK.
Ants are eusocial insects of the family Formicidae and, along with the related wasps and bees, belong to the orderHymenoptera. Ants evolved from wasp-like ancestors in the Cretaceous period, about 140 million years ago, and diversifiedafter the rise of flowering plants. More than 12,500 of an estimated total of 22,000 species have been classified.[5][6] They are easily identified by their elbowed antennae and the distinctive node-like structure that forms their slender waists.
Ants form colonies that range in size. from a few dozen predatory individuals living in small natural cavities to highly organised colonies that may occupy large territories and consist of millions of individuals. Larger colonies consist of various castes of sterile, wingless females, most of which are workers (ergates), as well as soldiers (dinergates) and other specialised groups.[7][8]Nearly all ant colonies also have some fertile males called "drones" (aner) and one or more fertile females called "queens" (gynes).[8] The colonies are described as superorganisms because the ants appear to operate as a unified entity, collectively working together to support the colony.[9][10]
Ant societies have division of labour, communication between individuals, and an ability to solve complex problems.[13] These parallels with human societies have long been an inspiration and subject of study. Many human cultures make use of ants in cuisine, medication, and rituals. Some species are valued in their role as biological pest control agents.[14] Their ability to exploit resources may bring ants into conflict with humans, however, as they can damage crops and invade buildings. Some species, such as the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta), are regarded as invasive species, establishing themselves in areas where they have been introduced accidentally.[15]Ants have colonised almost every landmass on Earth. The only places lacking indigenous ants are Antarctica and a few remote or inhospitable islands. Ants thrive in most ecosystems and may form 15–25% of the terrestrial animal biomass.[11] Their success in so many environments has been attributed to their social organisation and their ability to modify habitats, tap resources, and defend themselves. Their long co-evolution with other species has led to mimetic, commensal, parasitic, and mutualistic relationships.[12]
Reflecting on what I read and wrote above I had a thought that the missing link between human and ape is the jump in consciousness that humans made when they got into the workings of super-organisms. Cannily Perceived and craftily imitated.
TODAY
Since the European Enlightenment, Western philosophy has placed the individual, as an indispensable category, at the center of the universe. A Cartesian is a scientific individual who imposes mental concepts on things in order to control, or govern their nature or simply cope with what exists outside his mind.
An Economic System is a system of production and distribution of goods and services within a society or a given geographic area. The fact is that, more than any other factor, it is the mode of production and patterns of consumption that defines the core of economic structure of a given community and define a society. An economic system is in fact a social system. All economic systems today have three basic questions to ask: what to produce, how to produce and who receives the output of production.
Incidentally, System theory suggests that instead of creating closed categories - like the Cartesian mode - into binaries (subject-object); the system should stay open so as to allow free flow of process and interactions. In this way they say the binaries are dissolved. So where goes the individual struggle to reach the Cartesian MONAD, the collective concious?
Understanding culture, the balance necessary in the give and take, the trade off in its context especially of human nature, the way One Human relates to the All Humans. Humans enter In the mental and physical production process, if socially what LOVE has glued/fused together let no man put asunder. Humans must have the right to choose a mate and mode of cohabiting, within the community.
A super-organized mode of ordered production, must be very specific and by necessity has to be designed by the highest wholeistc mind
§ 5.10 Bees when forsaken by their King, who is at once gentle and inoffensive and also stingless, give chase and pursue after the deserter from the post of rule. They track him down in some mysterious way and detect him by means of the smell he diffuses and bring him back to his kingdom of their own free will, indeed eagerly, for they admire his disposition. But the Athenians drove out Pisistratus, and the Syracusans Dionysius, and other states their rulers, since they were tyrants and broke the laws and could not exhibit the art of kingship which consists in loving one's fellow-men and protecting one's subjects.
Event Date: -1 GR
§ 5.11 It is the concern of the King Bee that his hive should be regulated in the following manner. To sta some bees he assigns the bringing of water, to others the fashioning of honeycombs within the hive, while a third lot must go abroad to gather food. But after a time they exchange duties in a precisely determined rotation. As to the King himself, it is enough for him to take thought and to legislate for the matters that I mentioned above after the manner of great rulers to whom philosophers like to ascribe simultaneously the qualities of a citizen and of a king.
For the rest he lives at ease and abstains from physical labour. If however it is expedient for the bees to change their dwelling, then the ruler departs, and if he happens to be still young, he leads the way and the rest follow; if however he is elderly, he is carried on his way and conveyed by other bees.
At a signal bees retire to slumber. When it seems to be time to go to sleep the King commands one bee to give the signal for going to rest. And the bee obeys and gives the word, whereupon the bees that have been buzzing till then retire to bed. Now so long as the King survives, the swarm flourishes and all disorder is suppressed. The drones gladly remain at rest in their cells, the older bees dwell in their quarters apart, the young in theirs, the King by himself, and the larvae in their own place. Their food and their excrement are in separate places. But when the King dies, disorder and anarchy fill the place; the drones produce offspring in the cells of the bees; the general confusion no longer permits the swarm to thrive, and finally the bees perish for want of a ruler.
The Bee leads a blameless life and would never touch animal food. It has no need of Pythagoras for counsellor, but flowers afford it food enough. It is in the highest degree temperate; at any rate it abhors luxury and delicate living; witness the fact that it pursues and drives away a man who has perfumed himself, as if he were some enemy who has perpetrated actions past all remedy. It recognises too a man who comes from an unchaste bed, and him also it pursues, as though he were its bitterest foe. And Bees are well-endowed with courage and are undaunted. For instance, there is not a single animal from which they flee; they are not mastered by cowardice but go to the attack. Towards those who do not trouble them or start to injure them or who do not approach the hive bent on mischief and with evil intent they show themselves peaceful and friendly; but against those who would injure them the fires of a truceless war, as the phrase goes, are kindled; and anyone who comes to plunder their honey is reckoned among their enemies. And they sting even wasps severely. And Aristotlerecords its s how Bees once finding a horseman near the hive attacked him violently and slew both him and his horse. And further, they fight with one another, and the stronger party defeats the weaker. But I learn that toads and frogs from pools, bee-eaters, and swallows defeat them, and frequently wasps do so too. Yet the victor achieves what you might call a Cadmean victory, for he comes off badly from their blows and stings, since the Bees are armed with courage no less than with stings. But Bees are not without a share of the wisdom of foresight, and Aristotle vouches for my statement thus. Some Bees came to a hive that was not theirs but a different one and proceeded to plunder the honey which did not belong to them. But the Bees which were being despoiled of their labours nevertheless remained quiet and waited patiently to see what would happen. Then, when the bee-keeper had killed the greater number of the enemy, the Bees in the hive realised that they were in fact sufficient to sustain an equal combat and emerged to strike back, and the penalty which they exacted for the robbery left nothing to cavil at.
For the rest he lives at ease and abstains from physical labour. If however it is expedient for the bees to change their dwelling, then the ruler departs, and if he happens to be still young, he leads the way and the rest follow; if however he is elderly, he is carried on his way and conveyed by other bees.
At a signal bees retire to slumber. When it seems to be time to go to sleep the King commands one bee to give the signal for going to rest. And the bee obeys and gives the word, whereupon the bees that have been buzzing till then retire to bed. Now so long as the King survives, the swarm flourishes and all disorder is suppressed. The drones gladly remain at rest in their cells, the older bees dwell in their quarters apart, the young in theirs, the King by himself, and the larvae in their own place. Their food and their excrement are in separate places. But when the King dies, disorder and anarchy fill the place; the drones produce offspring in the cells of the bees; the general confusion no longer permits the swarm to thrive, and finally the bees perish for want of a ruler.
The Bee leads a blameless life and would never touch animal food. It has no need of Pythagoras for counsellor, but flowers afford it food enough. It is in the highest degree temperate; at any rate it abhors luxury and delicate living; witness the fact that it pursues and drives away a man who has perfumed himself, as if he were some enemy who has perpetrated actions past all remedy. It recognises too a man who comes from an unchaste bed, and him also it pursues, as though he were its bitterest foe. And Bees are well-endowed with courage and are undaunted. For instance, there is not a single animal from which they flee; they are not mastered by cowardice but go to the attack. Towards those who do not trouble them or start to injure them or who do not approach the hive bent on mischief and with evil intent they show themselves peaceful and friendly; but against those who would injure them the fires of a truceless war, as the phrase goes, are kindled; and anyone who comes to plunder their honey is reckoned among their enemies. And they sting even wasps severely. And Aristotlerecords its s how Bees once finding a horseman near the hive attacked him violently and slew both him and his horse. And further, they fight with one another, and the stronger party defeats the weaker. But I learn that toads and frogs from pools, bee-eaters, and swallows defeat them, and frequently wasps do so too. Yet the victor achieves what you might call a Cadmean victory, for he comes off badly from their blows and stings, since the Bees are armed with courage no less than with stings. But Bees are not without a share of the wisdom of foresight, and Aristotle vouches for my statement thus. Some Bees came to a hive that was not theirs but a different one and proceeded to plunder the honey which did not belong to them. But the Bees which were being despoiled of their labours nevertheless remained quiet and waited patiently to see what would happen. Then, when the bee-keeper had killed the greater number of the enemy, the Bees in the hive realised that they were in fact sufficient to sustain an equal combat and emerged to strike back, and the penalty which they exacted for the robbery left nothing to cavil at.
Event Date: -1 GR
§ 5.12 Here is further evidence of the industry of Bees. In the coldest countries from the time when the Pleiads have set until the vernal equinox they continue at home and stay quiet in the hive, longing for the warmth and shunning the cold. But for the rest of the year they abhor indolence and repose and are good at hard labour. And you would never see a Bee idling unless it were during the season when their limbs are numb with cold.
Event Date: -1 GR
§ 5.13 Bees practise geometry and produce their graceful figures and beautiful conformations without any theory or rules of art, without what the learned call a 'compass.' And when their numbers increase and the swarm thrives they send out colonies just' as the largest and most populous cities do. Now the Bee knows when there is rain that threatens to persist, and when there will be a gale. But if surprised by a wind, you will see every Bee carrying a pebble between the tips of its feet by way of ballast. What the divine Plato says of cicadas and their love of song and music one might equally its unsay of the choir of Bees. For instance, when they frolic and roam abroad, then the bee-keepers make a clashing sound, melodious and rhythmical, and the Bees are attracted as by a Siren and come back again to their own haunts.
Event Date: -1 GR
§ 5.14 (i). In the island of Gyarus Aristotle says that there are Rats and that they actually eat iron ore. And Amyntas says that the Rats of Teredon (this is in Babylonia) adopt the same food.
(ii). I am told that on Latmus in Caria there are Scorpions which inflict a fatal sting on their fellow-countrymen; strangers however they sting lightly and just enough to produce an itching sensation.
This in my opinion is a boon bestowed upon visitors by Zeus, Protector of the Stranger.
(ii). I am told that on Latmus in Caria there are Scorpions which inflict a fatal sting on their fellow-countrymen; strangers however they sting lightly and just enough to produce an itching sensation.
This in my opinion is a boon bestowed upon visitors by Zeus, Protector of the Stranger.
Event Date: -1 GR
§ 5.15 Wasps also are subject to a King, but not, as men are, to a despot. Witness the fact that their Kings also are stingless. And their subjects have a law that they shall construct their combs for them.
But although the rulers are twice the size of a subject, yet they are gentle and of a nature incapable of doing an injury either willingly or unwillingly. Who then would not detest the Dionysii of Sicily, Clearchus of Heraclea, Apollodorus the oppressor of Cassandrea, Nabis the scourge of Sparta, if they trusted in the sword, when the King Wasps trust to their lack of sting and to their gentle nature?
But although the rulers are twice the size of a subject, yet they are gentle and of a nature incapable of doing an injury either willingly or unwillingly. Who then would not detest the Dionysii of Sicily, Clearchus of Heraclea, Apollodorus the oppressor of Cassandrea, Nabis the scourge of Sparta, if they trusted in the sword, when the King Wasps trust to their lack of sting and to their gentle nature?
Event Date: -1 GR
§ 5.16 This is what Wasps that are armed with a sting are said to do. When they observe a dead viper they swoop upon it and draw poison into their sting. It is from this source, I fancy, that men have acquired that knowledge, and no good knowledge either.
And Homer is witness to the fact when he says in the Odyssey
'Seeking a deadly drug, that he might have wherewithal to smear his bronze-tipped arrows.'
Or again, to be sure (if one can trust the story), just as Heracles dipped his arrows in the venom of the Hydra, so do Wasps dip and sharpen their sting.
And Homer is witness to the fact when he says in the Odyssey
'Seeking a deadly drug, that he might have wherewithal to smear his bronze-tipped arrows.'
Or again, to be sure (if one can trust the story), just as Heracles dipped his arrows in the venom of the Hydra, so do Wasps dip and sharpen their sting.
Event Date: -1 GR.
Comments