CADMUS OR KHETHEMUS SON OF KOTHAR
DAMUZ: TAMUS: KOTHAR: KINYRAS
A unique MS in the British Museum contains what is substantially our only West Semitic account of Tammuz.
Tammuz or Dammuz, was the male spouse of Inanna, through the "Sacred Marriage." This marriage conferred authority temporarily on one man and provided the religious sanction for male exercise of power. A king of Sumer could take part only if he held the office of en of Uruk and bore the title "spouse of Inanna" (Steinkeller 1999:130-131). We know that around 2000 BCE, the monarch of Sumer was represented by "Dumuzi" in the rite. In return, he received the authority to manipulate "the natural and human environments for greater productivity and security of the whole.
Tamasos in Cyprus, Damuzi in Uruk, Tamuz in Phonecia.
An MS reads that the people of Phoenicia worshipped Balthi queen of Cyprus, because she fell in love with Tammuz, son of Kuthar, King of the Phoenicians. She left her own kingdom, and came and dwelt in Gebal [Byblos], a fortress of the Phoenicians, and at the same time she made all the Cypriotes subject to the king Kuthar. Before Tammuz, she had been in love with Ares, and committed adultery with him. Hephaestus her husband caught her red handed, was jealous, and came and slew Tammuz in Mount Lebanon, while he was ' hunting wild boars; and from that time Balthi remained in Gebal, and she died in the city Aphaqa, where Tammuz was buried.
We know that in 1480s BC: Joshua leads the tribal federation of Israel across the Jordan River to begin the conquest of the land of Cana'an. Tel Kabri was on one of the most important trade routes of the ancient Near East, it was settled from Neolithic times on. ln the (Palestinian) Middle Bronze Age Tel Kabri was a large fortified city covering 32 hectars, and forming the centre of one of the Canaanite city states. This is thought to be Rehov which is the Middle Bronze Age city of Kabri that was destroyed and abandoned about 1570 BC probably by the Theban/Egyptian advance against the Hyksos.. Spectrophotometrical analysis of the pigments used for painting the Kabri floor were red ochre, yellow ochre and carbon, i.e. the same ones as used in Cretan and Theran wall-painting.
A tale in the mythological poetry of Ugarit is of highest interest in this context. ln it the goddess Anat is sending the divine messenger, Qadesh-wa-Arnrur, over the sea by way of Byblos (Gabal) to the god of handicrafts, Kothar wa-Khasis, who is brought from his throne in Kptr to build a splendid palace for god Baal and to furnish it with precious works of art. The tablets in question have been written down in the first half of the 14th century. This is not Myth it is History, Late Bronze Age History. This all then seem to be during the expulsion or just after the Hyksos period?
The Canaanite culture originated at the same time as the Babylonian culture out of the chaos surrounding the Semitic Amorite invasion / infiltration of Sumeria beginning around 2,200 BC. By the time cultural stability was restored around 1800 BC the Babylonians existed in Mesopotamia while the Canaanites (Phoenicians) existed along the Mediterranean. Tablets describing the Canaanite gods including BAAL were found in the ruins of the Canaanite city of Ugarit (also known as Ras Shamra) located on the modern coast of Lebanon. These tablets were dictated by the chief priest of Ugarit to a scribe between 1375 and 1345 BC. The city itself was destroyed around 1200 BC by the Sea Peoples at nearly the same time that the Israelites emerged into history.
DAGON is the father of BAAL indicating that DAGON is the Canaanite equivalent to the Sumerian moon god SUEN. The first reference to the worship of the god DAGON is found in the inscriptions of Sargon of Akkad (a Semitic kingdom) dating to 2,200 BC and located in the middle Mesopotamian region around the city of Mari. Consequently, the god DAGON originated out of the northern Semitic tradition and not out of the Sumerian tradition.The Semitic root of DAGON is "dgn" meaning grain. Interestingly the wife of the Sumerian god ENLIL (the father of SUEN) was NINLIL (also called SUD), the goddess of grain. The Semitic tradition apparently transferred the power of grain growth from the wife of ENLIL to his son. A possible reason for this switch may be related to the harvest moon tradition of the northern hemisphere in which the full moon at harvest time seems especially bright. DAGON is mentioned in the Bible as follows:
DAGON, fell on his face to the ground before the ark of the YAHWEH.
Kothar, (West Semitic: “skill”) also called Kothar-wa-Khasis (“skill-and-cunning”), ancient West Semitic god of crafts, equivalent of the Greek god Hephaestus. Kothar was responsible for supplying the gods with weapons and for building and furnishing their palaces. During the earlier part of the 2nd millennium bc, Kothar’s forge was believed to be on the biblical Caphtor (probably Crete), though later, during the period of Egyptian domination of Syria and Palestine, he was identified with the Egyptian god Ptah, patron of craftsmen, and his forge was thus located at Memphis in Egypt. At Ugarit, Baal’s temple was designed and built by Kothar-wa-Hasis
It is mostly agreed that Ugaritic Kothar (ktr) and Sytiac Kuthar the father of Tammu2 (I give both an arbitrary vocalization to distinguish them in English) represent the same divine name as Phoenician Chousor in Philo of By bios. If we compare their attributes with what is said of Kinyras (the predominant name of Adonis' father in Greek), a fairly consistent picture emerges of the god or hero as twin, blacksmith, sailor and
musician.
The pomegranate was Soul's sacred tree, and sacred to Rimmon, a name for Adonis from whose blood it is said to have sprung. Pomegranate is the only fruit allowed to be brought inside the Holy of Holies - miniature pomegranates were sewn on the high Priest's robes when he made his yearly entry.
Robert Graves suggests that the pomegranate which supplies a red dye, is the tree of the seveth day, the day of repose, Saturns day, the Shabat. The seventh day, the most sacred to Jehovah, the god of the noon-day Sun, and the Mid-Winter Sun, having reached its most southerly point halts for a day.
Ki-Nu-Ra = The essence of heavenly fire or the cause of fertility or the land of the pomagranite.
\
Kinyras came to Cyprus in the late Bronze Age. I suggest in essence Kinyras, at root a triadic word, a logos, a triad that defined the spirit of unity and fertility symbollised by the Nure, a pomagranite a universal symbol the governing principal.
Kinyras was the progenitor of a legendary clan the Kinyriades, a culturl-hero of Bronze Age Cyprus, who created in the late bronze age a priesthood that acted as or supervised a kingship. He established the power of prophecy, and promoted the ionic 10 string angle Harp from an Aegean and or Aeolian Mediterranean network. More recent Semitic and Hellenic cultures have borrowed and inherited from the Kinyriad tradition of Cyprus and the eastern Mediterranean.
When we step into the question of the etymology of Kinyras we arrive at the kinnāru(m), root "knr", which is the eastern or Semitic name for the Lyre. This connects Kinyras with the United Monarchy of David and Solomon. Most of what is said regarding the Harp as the origin of the name is speculation but very compelling, when we considers that the mythical founder of Thebes ( Egyptian?) was Cadmus, who also had associations with the seven-stringed lyre, as do we all as in the seven days of creation, seven steps between heaven and earth, etc. However my search has also taken me north west to Asia Minor, Smyrna and even to the island of kythera which I associate with Kothar another Egyptian and the facts make the etymology through ancient ‘Greek’ compeling yet what is Greek. The kinnāru(m), was a preeminent tool of cultic musicians and celebration singers throughout the larger West Semitic world, the periphery of which was characterized with speakers of Hurrian, Hittite, Luwian and only from the end of the Bronze Age on Cyprus started to became Greek and that took a long long time to consolidate.
The question which begs to be brought into the search which is why the chronology of the period become important is who was the main physical power in the Mediterranean from about 1500 to 1200 B.C. Why don't we assume the date of 1425 as the date Kinyras is most likely to have reset Cypriot culture, which is what Eustathius the brings to the table before we casually dismiss it casually and throw it back into the sea. If Kinyras was on the island than who was his backer for he did not keep adventurers/opportunists/pirates and political adversaries at bay with the Harp/Lyre.
My search to understand the meaning behind the "Curion Stand" as a whole is scattered all over my blog which is a work in progress and is likely to be till the day I die. The Kibira, Kotara and Kinyras have led me to believe that Cyprus was industrialized and set up as an offshore trading hub after the extraction of the Hyksos Kings by the !8th Dynasty of Egypt and that they are the authority that controlled the trade of the Bronze age of the eastern Mediteranean between 1500 to 1200, give or take 50 years each way.
John C. Franklin mentions that Kinyras is consistantly located in the legendary period in Cyprus - then referred to as Alashia, now proven by pictographic analysis of the clay used in the El Amarna correspondence- the region's premier source of copper in the Bronze Age. Other industries that were in legend that are confirmed by the archaeological record are the industry of shipbuilding, (pointing at the Kabiri), Perfume and olive oil. These Palatial industries were mechanically upgraded or rather the Kinyriads says legend brought with them to Cyprus three industries that did not exist prior to their arrival. These technologically advanced manufacturing Guilds must have been on the mainland until the new physical and political order with the new plan to establish a network of trade that came through the North Eastern Corner of the Mediterranean (the Cilix and Phoenix that stood by helpless in the story of the kidnap of Europa) which was previously controlled by Cain of Canaan.
Kinyras was the eponymous ancestor ofthe Kinyradai who are remembered as the priest-kings of Paphos. He was said to be the founder of Aphrodite’s great temple there, in whose precinct he was also buried.
The Kinyriades are known to have come to the island from Cilicia. They set up in Cyprus in the late bronze age an industrial base - this is after the Hittiites and Egyptians of the18th and 19th Dynasties had pushed back the yolk of the Assyrians and the Hyksos and devastated the old order and trade networks of the Eastern Mediterranean. Kinyrias was also said to be the "lover" of Aphrodite as in her perfect masculine compliment and that on earth he was the father of Adonis whose mother was "Smyrna" a port on the south western corner of Asia Minor at the end of the ancient Assyrian trade route.
Kinyras was already seen as a powerful king by Homer, he was ranked among the most proverbial and wealthy eastern kings. Kinyras was not a Semitic King though David was a Harper in the Kinyriad tradition and probably called the instrument a knr/kinura for it was central or rather held the central place in music in the cult of the eastern Mediterranean. However unlike Phrygian Midas, Assyrian Sardanapalus and Lydian Croesus, Kinyras was not based a historical individual. All legends and traditions link him to institutions around palatial industries, He is central to industrial activities typical of a Bronze Age koine. Kinyras or the Kinyriades for me represents the historical transition between the end of the Bronze age and beginning of the Iron when the legends tell of the Mycenaean settlement on Cyprus leading up to the legends of the Trojan War. Apollo kenuristês’, at Paphos is, ‘Apollo the kinura-player’, who clearly evokes Kinyras himself " Ta Kypria Epi" Aphrodite’s epithet Kytherea, marks her as Kothar’s second half.
be the essence that unites air and fire, thus in metaphor, the spirit in wine, thus the spirit of the Harp, the moving influence of its melodies being perhaps set down, like the effect of wine, to the direct inspiration of a deity.
Kinyras was the eponymous ancestor ofthe Kinyradai who are remembered as the priest-kings of Paphos. He was said to be the founder of Aphrodite’s great temple there, in whose precinct he was also buried.
The Kinyriades are known to have come to the island from Cilicia. They set up in Cyprus in the late bronze age an industrial base - this is after the Hittiites and Egyptians of the18th and 19th Dynasties had pushed back the yolk of the Assyrians and the Hyksos and devastated the old order and trade networks of the Eastern Mediterranean. Kinyrias was also said to be the "lover" of Aphrodite as in her perfect masculine compliment and that on earth he was the father of Adonis whose mother was "Smyrna" a port on the south western corner of Asia Minor at the end of the ancient Assyrian trade route.
Kinyras was already seen as a powerful king by Homer, he was ranked among the most proverbial and wealthy eastern kings. Kinyras was not a Semitic King though David was a Harper in the Kinyriad tradition and probably called the instrument a knr/kinura for it was central or rather held the central place in music in the cult of the eastern Mediterranean. However unlike Phrygian Midas, Assyrian Sardanapalus and Lydian Croesus, Kinyras was not based a historical individual. All legends and traditions link him to institutions around palatial industries, He is central to industrial activities typical of a Bronze Age koine. Kinyras or the Kinyriades for me represents the historical transition between the end of the Bronze age and beginning of the Iron when the legends tell of the Mycenaean settlement on Cyprus leading up to the legends of the Trojan War. Apollo kenuristês’, at Paphos is, ‘Apollo the kinura-player’, who clearly evokes Kinyras himself " Ta Kypria Epi" Aphrodite’s epithet Kytherea, marks her as Kothar’s second half.
A unique MS in the British Museum contains what is substantially our only West Semitic account of Tammuz.
Tammuz or Dammuz, was the male spouse of Inanna, through the "Sacred Marriage." This marriage conferred authority temporarily on one man and provided the religious sanction for male exercise of power. A king of Sumer could take part only if he held the office of en of Uruk and bore the title "spouse of Inanna" (Steinkeller 1999:130-131). We know that around 2000 BCE, the monarch of Sumer was represented by "Dumuzi" in the rite. In return, he received the authority to manipulate "the natural and human environments for greater productivity and security of the whole.
Tamasos in Cyprus, Damuzi in Uruk, Tamuz in Phonecia.
An MS reads that the people of Phoenicia worshipped Balthi queen of Cyprus, because she fell in love with Tammuz, son of Kuthar, King of the Phoenicians. She left her own kingdom, and came and dwelt in Gebal [Byblos], a fortress of the Phoenicians, and at the same time she made all the Cypriotes subject to the king Kuthar. Before Tammuz, she had been in love with Ares, and committed adultery with him. Hephaestus her husband caught her red handed, was jealous, and came and slew Tammuz in Mount Lebanon, while he was ' hunting wild boars; and from that time Balthi remained in Gebal, and she died in the city Aphaqa, where Tammuz was buried.
We know that in 1480s BC: Joshua leads the tribal federation of Israel across the Jordan River to begin the conquest of the land of Cana'an. Tel Kabri was on one of the most important trade routes of the ancient Near East, it was settled from Neolithic times on. ln the (Palestinian) Middle Bronze Age Tel Kabri was a large fortified city covering 32 hectars, and forming the centre of one of the Canaanite city states. This is thought to be Rehov which is the Middle Bronze Age city of Kabri that was destroyed and abandoned about 1570 BC probably by the Theban/Egyptian advance against the Hyksos.. Spectrophotometrical analysis of the pigments used for painting the Kabri floor were red ochre, yellow ochre and carbon, i.e. the same ones as used in Cretan and Theran wall-painting.
A tale in the mythological poetry of Ugarit is of highest interest in this context. ln it the goddess Anat is sending the divine messenger, Qadesh-wa-Arnrur, over the sea by way of Byblos (Gabal) to the god of handicrafts, Kothar wa-Khasis, who is brought from his throne in Kptr to build a splendid palace for god Baal and to furnish it with precious works of art. The tablets in question have been written down in the first half of the 14th century. This is not Myth it is History, Late Bronze Age History. This all then seem to be during the expulsion or just after the Hyksos period?
The Canaanite culture originated at the same time as the Babylonian culture out of the chaos surrounding the Semitic Amorite invasion / infiltration of Sumeria beginning around 2,200 BC. By the time cultural stability was restored around 1800 BC the Babylonians existed in Mesopotamia while the Canaanites (Phoenicians) existed along the Mediterranean. Tablets describing the Canaanite gods including BAAL were found in the ruins of the Canaanite city of Ugarit (also known as Ras Shamra) located on the modern coast of Lebanon. These tablets were dictated by the chief priest of Ugarit to a scribe between 1375 and 1345 BC. The city itself was destroyed around 1200 BC by the Sea Peoples at nearly the same time that the Israelites emerged into history.
DAGON is the father of BAAL indicating that DAGON is the Canaanite equivalent to the Sumerian moon god SUEN. The first reference to the worship of the god DAGON is found in the inscriptions of Sargon of Akkad (a Semitic kingdom) dating to 2,200 BC and located in the middle Mesopotamian region around the city of Mari. Consequently, the god DAGON originated out of the northern Semitic tradition and not out of the Sumerian tradition.The Semitic root of DAGON is "dgn" meaning grain. Interestingly the wife of the Sumerian god ENLIL (the father of SUEN) was NINLIL (also called SUD), the goddess of grain. The Semitic tradition apparently transferred the power of grain growth from the wife of ENLIL to his son. A possible reason for this switch may be related to the harvest moon tradition of the northern hemisphere in which the full moon at harvest time seems especially bright. DAGON is mentioned in the Bible as follows:
DAGON, fell on his face to the ground before the ark of the YAHWEH.
Kothar, (West Semitic: “skill”) also called Kothar-wa-Khasis (“skill-and-cunning”), ancient West Semitic god of crafts, equivalent of the Greek god Hephaestus. Kothar was responsible for supplying the gods with weapons and for building and furnishing their palaces. During the earlier part of the 2nd millennium bc, Kothar’s forge was believed to be on the biblical Caphtor (probably Crete), though later, during the period of Egyptian domination of Syria and Palestine, he was identified with the Egyptian god Ptah, patron of craftsmen, and his forge was thus located at Memphis in Egypt. At Ugarit, Baal’s temple was designed and built by Kothar-wa-Hasis
It is mostly agreed that Ugaritic Kothar (ktr) and Sytiac Kuthar the father of Tammu2 (I give both an arbitrary vocalization to distinguish them in English) represent the same divine name as Phoenician Chousor in Philo of By bios. If we compare their attributes with what is said of Kinyras (the predominant name of Adonis' father in Greek), a fairly consistent picture emerges of the god or hero as twin, blacksmith, sailor and
musician.
The pomegranate was Soul's sacred tree, and sacred to Rimmon, a name for Adonis from whose blood it is said to have sprung. Pomegranate is the only fruit allowed to be brought inside the Holy of Holies - miniature pomegranates were sewn on the high Priest's robes when he made his yearly entry.
Robert Graves suggests that the pomegranate which supplies a red dye, is the tree of the seveth day, the day of repose, Saturns day, the Shabat. The seventh day, the most sacred to Jehovah, the god of the noon-day Sun, and the Mid-Winter Sun, having reached its most southerly point halts for a day.
Ki-Nu-Ra = The essence of heavenly fire or the cause of fertility or the land of the pomagranite.
\
Kinyras came to Cyprus in the late Bronze Age. I suggest in essence Kinyras, at root a triadic word, a logos, a triad that defined the spirit of unity and fertility symbollised by the Nure, a pomagranite a universal symbol the governing principal.
Kinyras was the progenitor of a legendary clan the Kinyriades, a culturl-hero of Bronze Age Cyprus, who created in the late bronze age a priesthood that acted as or supervised a kingship. He established the power of prophecy, and promoted the ionic 10 string angle Harp from an Aegean and or Aeolian Mediterranean network. More recent Semitic and Hellenic cultures have borrowed and inherited from the Kinyriad tradition of Cyprus and the eastern Mediterranean.
When we step into the question of the etymology of Kinyras we arrive at the kinnāru(m), root "knr", which is the eastern or Semitic name for the Lyre. This connects Kinyras with the United Monarchy of David and Solomon. Most of what is said regarding the Harp as the origin of the name is speculation but very compelling, when we considers that the mythical founder of Thebes ( Egyptian?) was Cadmus, who also had associations with the seven-stringed lyre, as do we all as in the seven days of creation, seven steps between heaven and earth, etc. However my search has also taken me north west to Asia Minor, Smyrna and even to the island of kythera which I associate with Kothar another Egyptian and the facts make the etymology through ancient ‘Greek’ compeling yet what is Greek. The kinnāru(m), was a preeminent tool of cultic musicians and celebration singers throughout the larger West Semitic world, the periphery of which was characterized with speakers of Hurrian, Hittite, Luwian and only from the end of the Bronze Age on Cyprus started to became Greek and that took a long long time to consolidate.
The question which begs to be brought into the search which is why the chronology of the period become important is who was the main physical power in the Mediterranean from about 1500 to 1200 B.C. Why don't we assume the date of 1425 as the date Kinyras is most likely to have reset Cypriot culture, which is what Eustathius the brings to the table before we casually dismiss it casually and throw it back into the sea. If Kinyras was on the island than who was his backer for he did not keep adventurers/opportunists/pirates and political adversaries at bay with the Harp/Lyre.
My search to understand the meaning behind the "Curion Stand" as a whole is scattered all over my blog which is a work in progress and is likely to be till the day I die. The Kibira, Kotara and Kinyras have led me to believe that Cyprus was industrialized and set up as an offshore trading hub after the extraction of the Hyksos Kings by the !8th Dynasty of Egypt and that they are the authority that controlled the trade of the Bronze age of the eastern Mediteranean between 1500 to 1200, give or take 50 years each way.
John C. Franklin mentions that Kinyras is consistantly located in the legendary period in Cyprus - then referred to as Alashia, now proven by pictographic analysis of the clay used in the El Amarna correspondence- the region's premier source of copper in the Bronze Age. Other industries that were in legend that are confirmed by the archaeological record are the industry of shipbuilding, (pointing at the Kabiri), Perfume and olive oil. These Palatial industries were mechanically upgraded or rather the Kinyriads says legend brought with them to Cyprus three industries that did not exist prior to their arrival. These technologically advanced manufacturing Guilds must have been on the mainland until the new physical and political order with the new plan to establish a network of trade that came through the North Eastern Corner of the Mediterranean (the Cilix and Phoenix that stood by helpless in the story of the kidnap of Europa) which was previously controlled by Cain of Canaan.
Kinyras was the eponymous ancestor ofthe Kinyradai who are remembered as the priest-kings of Paphos. He was said to be the founder of Aphrodite’s great temple there, in whose precinct he was also buried.
The Kinyriades are known to have come to the island from Cilicia. They set up in Cyprus in the late bronze age an industrial base - this is after the Hittiites and Egyptians of the18th and 19th Dynasties had pushed back the yolk of the Assyrians and the Hyksos and devastated the old order and trade networks of the Eastern Mediterranean. Kinyrias was also said to be the "lover" of Aphrodite as in her perfect masculine compliment and that on earth he was the father of Adonis whose mother was "Smyrna" a port on the south western corner of Asia Minor at the end of the ancient Assyrian trade route.
Kinyras was already seen as a powerful king by Homer, he was ranked among the most proverbial and wealthy eastern kings. Kinyras was not a Semitic King though David was a Harper in the Kinyriad tradition and probably called the instrument a knr/kinura for it was central or rather held the central place in music in the cult of the eastern Mediterranean. However unlike Phrygian Midas, Assyrian Sardanapalus and Lydian Croesus, Kinyras was not based a historical individual. All legends and traditions link him to institutions around palatial industries, He is central to industrial activities typical of a Bronze Age koine. Kinyras or the Kinyriades for me represents the historical transition between the end of the Bronze age and beginning of the Iron when the legends tell of the Mycenaean settlement on Cyprus leading up to the legends of the Trojan War. Apollo kenuristês’, at Paphos is, ‘Apollo the kinura-player’, who clearly evokes Kinyras himself " Ta Kypria Epi" Aphrodite’s epithet Kytherea, marks her as Kothar’s second half.
be the essence that unites air and fire, thus in metaphor, the spirit in wine, thus the spirit of the Harp, the moving influence of its melodies being perhaps set down, like the effect of wine, to the direct inspiration of a deity.
Kinyras was the eponymous ancestor ofthe Kinyradai who are remembered as the priest-kings of Paphos. He was said to be the founder of Aphrodite’s great temple there, in whose precinct he was also buried.
The Kinyriades are known to have come to the island from Cilicia. They set up in Cyprus in the late bronze age an industrial base - this is after the Hittiites and Egyptians of the18th and 19th Dynasties had pushed back the yolk of the Assyrians and the Hyksos and devastated the old order and trade networks of the Eastern Mediterranean. Kinyrias was also said to be the "lover" of Aphrodite as in her perfect masculine compliment and that on earth he was the father of Adonis whose mother was "Smyrna" a port on the south western corner of Asia Minor at the end of the ancient Assyrian trade route.
Kinyras was already seen as a powerful king by Homer, he was ranked among the most proverbial and wealthy eastern kings. Kinyras was not a Semitic King though David was a Harper in the Kinyriad tradition and probably called the instrument a knr/kinura for it was central or rather held the central place in music in the cult of the eastern Mediterranean. However unlike Phrygian Midas, Assyrian Sardanapalus and Lydian Croesus, Kinyras was not based a historical individual. All legends and traditions link him to institutions around palatial industries, He is central to industrial activities typical of a Bronze Age koine. Kinyras or the Kinyriades for me represents the historical transition between the end of the Bronze age and beginning of the Iron when the legends tell of the Mycenaean settlement on Cyprus leading up to the legends of the Trojan War. Apollo kenuristês’, at Paphos is, ‘Apollo the kinura-player’, who clearly evokes Kinyras himself " Ta Kypria Epi" Aphrodite’s epithet Kytherea, marks her as Kothar’s second half.
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