AUTOGENUS/KYPROS/CYPRUS/MORDANT/ASEBY/ALUM//CUPAROSA/COPPER ROSE/KYПOPOC/V.I.T.R.I.O.L
Autogenous: A process is said to be "autogenous." when enough material is present in the feed to sustain the process temperature solely by natural exothermic reaction (i.e. without the addition of fuel or artificial heat).
Cyprus, as a pyrites producer, is today only surpassed by Japan and Spain. High iron and copper content of the 'sulphurus cupreous pyrites' and the enhanced values that are found in the residues, has promoted in the past and today, a high demand for Cypriot pyrites. The 'sulphurus cupreous pyrites' are also special for their great roasting qualities, again due to a high grade of iron content and an absence of impurities.The low percentage of arsenic also helps make the ore very acceptable to sulfuric acid manufacturers.
CYPRUS, due to its 'sulphurus cupreus pyritic' rock formation and annual natural cycle of extreme Mediterranean type of climate, (where the extreme summers of dry heat, contrasts with the winter flood rains) creates with very little help from man, Alums, better known today as metallic mineral sulphates. Autogenous.
This high ratio of pyrite to copper sulphide, promotes the production of acid which is facilitated by the lateral migration of the copper as well as traces of other metallic minerals, resulting in its deposit some distance from the site in the form of slime collected in pools.
CYPRUS, due to its 'sulphurus cupreus pyritic' rock formation and annual natural cycle of extreme Mediterranean type of climate, (where the extreme summers of dry heat, contrasts with the winter flood rains) creates with very little help from man, Alums, better known today as metallic mineral sulphates. Autogenous.
This high ratio of pyrite to copper sulphide, promotes the production of acid which is facilitated by the lateral migration of the copper as well as traces of other metallic minerals, resulting in its deposit some distance from the site in the form of slime collected in pools.
Vitriol or copperas (copper water) is primarily the result of the weathering of pyrites which generate the proto-sulfates.
Metallic mineral sulphates are formed as a result of strong solar evaporation, after the minerals just bellow the earths surface (not yet oxidized) naturally collect in pools in the rainy winter season are exposed to the summer extreme heat, starting the evaporation process. The result of this natural process is a transformation of matter, a sulfate from a sulfide, a product, naturally formed within a perennial cycle.
These reactions, which were in the past construed as an apparent transmutation of metals, were significant for European alchemy and mineralogy. Minerals and rocks played an important role in domestic and industrial life. Industrially manufactured, processed, produced sulfates, were in antiquity represented by a host of names and chemical varieties.
I posit that the natural process of efflorescence, or the flowering of metallic salts within the perennial cycle gave its name to Cyprus indicating, or alluding to the Philosophers Stone or Loves Isle.
Secondary
sulfate minerals, e.g. copper sulfate, which is associated with acid drainage was probably first discovered in ancient Cyprus and most probably what Pliny was referring to, when he said copper was first discovered in Cyprus.
Starting before 3000 B.C. (which is said to be the beginning of the 'metallic earth mineral' trade) they must have been manufacturing/processing sulfates for a number of applications, the most popular it seems, for its use as a fixative, an alum, a mineral based mordant, which was and still is superior dye, compared to the vegetable genus.
These mordants were processed under natural circumstances and thought of as a natural mineral genus brought forth by the grace of the rhythms of nature and assisted by mind/hand of man. These were the sulfates, the vitriol’s, processed by mineralogists, Alchemists, Chemist.s, metallurgists.
The deposition of copper from a vitriol solution was known and practiced in some ancient cultures and its extraction and production is on the record from before the Greek and Roman period.
Today in the second decade of the twenty-first century, alchemy is not only about the transmutation of metals, but the shift in consciousness that returns us from the physical to the non-physical. Throughout its history, alchemy has shown a dual nature. On the one hand, it has involved the use of chemical substances and so is claimed by the history of science as the precursor of modern chemistry. Yet at the same time, alchemy has, throughout its history, also been associated with the esoteric, spiritual beliefs of Hermeticism and thus is a proper subject for the historian of religious thought. Such an approach is complemented by the psychological studies of Carl Jung, which correlate alchemical symbolism with the development of the psycho-religious life of the individual.
Alchemy was practiced in Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, Persia, India, Japan, Korea and China, in Classical Greece and Rome, in the Muslim civilizations, and then in Europe up to the 19th century in a complex network of schools and philosophical systems spanning at least 2,500 years.
In the history of science, alchemy refers to both an early form of the investigation of nature and an early philosophical and spiritual discipline, both combining elements of chemistry, metallurgy, physics, medicine, astrology, semiotics, mysticism, spiritualism, and art all as parts of one greater force.
Alchemy is an ancient path of spiritual purification and transformation; the expansion of consciousness and the development of insight and intuition through images
Alchemy was preceded by religion, medicine, and metallurgy. The first chemists were metallurgists. The miner and metallurgist, like the agriculturalist, simply accelerated the process, the natural maturation of the fruits of the earth, in a magico-religious relationship with nature. In primitive societies the miners and metallurgist were members of occult religious society.
The first ventures into natural philosophy, the beginnings of what is called the scientific view, also preceded alchemy. Systems of five almost identical basic elements were postulated in China, India, and Greece, according to a view in which nature comprised antagonistic, opposite forces--hot and cold, positive and negative, and male and female; i.e., primitive versions of the modern conception of energy.
Scholars generally agree that alchemy had everything to do with chemistry, but the modern Hermetic holds that chemistry was the handmaiden of alchemy, not the reverse. From this point of view the development of modern chemistry involved the abandonment of the true goal of the art.
The idea that copper was first discovered in Cyprus, was put forward by Pliny. This idea, that Cyprus was a unique and early source for the west, of not only refined copper, Aes and copper oxides, but also of vitriols, especially copper sulfate,- (which was freely available near deposits in Cyprus) - was processed and exported from very early date as "Sallines" or 'copper salts', 'mineral salts', 'metallic salts'. In Roman times, Cyprium, aes was the generic Latin term for copper alloys and Cyprium suggested, from Cyprus, from where much copper was mined. The phrase was simplified to cuprum, hence the English copper. Aphrodite (Venus in Rome) represented copper in mythology and alchemy. Cyprus was sacred to the goddess. The seven heavenly bodies known to the ancients were associated with the seven metals known in antiquity, and Venus was assigned to copper. In alchemy this symbol for survived for copper as well as the symbol for the goddess and planet Venus.
Starting before 3000 B.C. (which is said to be the beginning of the 'metallic earth mineral' trade) they must have been manufacturing/processing sulfates for a number of applications, the most popular it seems, for its use as a fixative, an alum, a mineral based mordant, which was and still is superior dye, compared to the vegetable genus.
These mordants were processed under natural circumstances and thought of as a natural mineral genus brought forth by the grace of the rhythms of nature and assisted by mind/hand of man. These were the sulfates, the vitriol’s, processed by mineralogists, Alchemists, Chemist.s, metallurgists.
The deposition of copper from a vitriol solution was known and practiced in some ancient cultures and its extraction and production is on the record from before the Greek and Roman period.
Today in the second decade of the twenty-first century, alchemy is not only about the transmutation of metals, but the shift in consciousness that returns us from the physical to the non-physical. Throughout its history, alchemy has shown a dual nature. On the one hand, it has involved the use of chemical substances and so is claimed by the history of science as the precursor of modern chemistry. Yet at the same time, alchemy has, throughout its history, also been associated with the esoteric, spiritual beliefs of Hermeticism and thus is a proper subject for the historian of religious thought. Such an approach is complemented by the psychological studies of Carl Jung, which correlate alchemical symbolism with the development of the psycho-religious life of the individual.
Alchemy was practiced in Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, Persia, India, Japan, Korea and China, in Classical Greece and Rome, in the Muslim civilizations, and then in Europe up to the 19th century in a complex network of schools and philosophical systems spanning at least 2,500 years.
In the history of science, alchemy refers to both an early form of the investigation of nature and an early philosophical and spiritual discipline, both combining elements of chemistry, metallurgy, physics, medicine, astrology, semiotics, mysticism, spiritualism, and art all as parts of one greater force.
Alchemy is an ancient path of spiritual purification and transformation; the expansion of consciousness and the development of insight and intuition through images
Alchemy was preceded by religion, medicine, and metallurgy. The first chemists were metallurgists. The miner and metallurgist, like the agriculturalist, simply accelerated the process, the natural maturation of the fruits of the earth, in a magico-religious relationship with nature. In primitive societies the miners and metallurgist were members of occult religious society.
The first ventures into natural philosophy, the beginnings of what is called the scientific view, also preceded alchemy. Systems of five almost identical basic elements were postulated in China, India, and Greece, according to a view in which nature comprised antagonistic, opposite forces--hot and cold, positive and negative, and male and female; i.e., primitive versions of the modern conception of energy.
Scholars generally agree that alchemy had everything to do with chemistry, but the modern Hermetic holds that chemistry was the handmaiden of alchemy, not the reverse. From this point of view the development of modern chemistry involved the abandonment of the true goal of the art.
The idea that copper was first discovered in Cyprus, was put forward by Pliny. This idea, that Cyprus was a unique and early source for the west, of not only refined copper, Aes and copper oxides, but also of vitriols, especially copper sulfate,- (which was freely available near deposits in Cyprus) - was processed and exported from very early date as "Sallines" or 'copper salts', 'mineral salts', 'metallic salts'. In Roman times, Cyprium, aes was the generic Latin term for copper alloys and Cyprium suggested, from Cyprus, from where much copper was mined. The phrase was simplified to cuprum, hence the English copper. Aphrodite (Venus in Rome) represented copper in mythology and alchemy. Cyprus was sacred to the goddess. The seven heavenly bodies known to the ancients were associated with the seven metals known in antiquity, and Venus was assigned to copper. In alchemy this symbol for survived for copper as well as the symbol for the goddess and planet Venus.
Every chemical and mineral substance known to the ancients was of great importance to civilization. Technological processes based on chemical reactions have been in standard use from the very distant past.
Weathering of metal-sulfide minerals produces
suites of variably soluble efflorescent sulfate salts at a number of localities
in Cyprus.
The observation of “efflorescence’s,” or the flowering of
salts, associated with the hot dry summer period of dryness in Cypriot soils,
in closed-basin mini lakes, in rock outcrops, and in mines and mine wastes has
been noted since early antiquity. The formation of metal-sulfate salts, in
connection with the mining of metals, was a phenomenon well known long before
the early Greek and Roman civilizations.
Acid sulfate waters are produced mostly by the oxidation of
common sulfide minerals such as pyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, and marcasite
in rocks, soils, sediments, and industrial wastes.
This spontaneous process of mineral weathering plays a
fundamental role in the supergene alteration of ore deposits, the formation of
acid sulfate soils, and the mobilization and release of acidity and metals to
surface and ground waters.
The purely natural process of “acid rock drainage” is often intensified by human activities related to mining, mineral processing, construction, soil drainage, and dredging. Geochemical reaction rates are accelerated because physical disturbance gives greater exposure of mineral surfaces to heat, air and water, as well as to microbes that catalyze the reaction process.
An acid reacts with most bases/alkali to give the corresponding sulphate. It is clear today that the word 'copperas' did not originally have anything to do with any particular metal but rather the name given to the process of sulfation of metallic acid and alkaline earths, especially for the process of the sulfation of copper earth.
The production of salts, dyes and paints, cosmetics and mordants, made use of techniques and reactions common to chemical experimentation such as dissolution, and sublimation of today. Mineralogy among these early crafts, entailed the knowledge of certain chemical reactions, stones and metallic ores and salts, vital to the alloying and metallurgy and the dying of wool and leathers.
Starting with a little used and known chemical compound still in use today, we find the name in the Russian, 'Купорос' which is the same product as the Old English product named 'copperas' today's vitriol. We realize that even among experts there is a confusion regarding this product, it is not well known, and always confused. outside the wool dying craft.
In the Encyclopedia Britannica 1958 version, it says that "cupri rose", is the rose, or flower of cupri. It is a term formerly synonymous with the word vitriol which applied to all the sulphates including the green, blue, and white vitriol’s, or the sulphates of iron, which is green, copper which is blue and zinc, which is white. However, what is referred to as copperas today is ferrous sulphate and it has nothing to do with copper. It is made from iron pyrites (ferrous di-sulphide). This word is now applied exclusively to ferrous sulphate.
The name copperas dates from times when the copper(II) sulfate was known as blue copperas, Quianos or Cianum it is not a metallic vein in the earth, and it seems according to Dioscorides’ description, that it is called cuperosum {"copperas"}. It occurs, he says, in Cyprus in metal mines and it is also found in caves by the sea-shore. The best to choose, he adds, is the one that has a clear and emerald-like colour, etc. Greek κύανος /kýanos/ - itacist /kíanos/ - is a word loaned from some source language in Asia minor, cf. Hittite kuṷanna(n) "copper(blue), ornamental stone" (Frisk, 1960-72: II.37). It has multiple meanings in Greek, linked by the common notion of "blue". like "1. dark-blue enamel, esp. used to adorn armour. 2. lapis lazuli. 3. blue copper carbonate. 4. sea-water. 5.(fem.) the colour blue".
Although the identification lapis lazuli is often suggested for κύανος /kýanos/, it cannot be the case, since it is clearly stated by Dioscorides, that the substance in question is mined in Cyprus, and lapis lazuli does not occur on the island.
From the early Bronze Age onward, Cyprus has had a long history of copper ore mining. Copper is rarely found pure in nature, but it combines, usually oxidized, with other elements, like sulphur, to form copper ores, many of which are of a bluish colour. These ores proved to be extremely desirable, when, the early mineralogists and smelters learned the natural processed sulphates were as valuable as extracting pure copper from sulphide ores.
Coperosa is a Latin word and the definition of coperosa in English is copperas. Dioscorides' I believe is writing about Coperosa when referring to copper and iron sulphates or white, blue and green vitriol, in medieval Latin this word had many variant forms, like cuprosa, cuperosum, cuporosum, cuperosa, coperosa, coperosium, coprosa. Copperas would also fit in best with Dioscorides' colour adjective smaragdine if his wording: limpidum et colorem smaragdinum - "a clear and emerald-like colour" was a translation of the original Greek σφόδρα κατακορής /sphódra katakorḗs/ "exceedingly deep/intense in colour", and since κύανος /kýanos/ refers to things blue, I am sure this must have been the color Dioscorides had in mind. Coperosa (SO4.7 H2O) also appears in recipes as coperoet, couperose as white. Coperosa, as one of the main ingredients in this oil-based mordant or adhesive or fixative must be fine and white and not grey he says.
Copperas as a green vitriol, is a light green crystalline sulphate of iron, it was closely linked with the woolens industry because it was mainly used as a textile dye fixative. It was a dye darkening agent, it was also used to blacken leather and the preparation of inks.
For dulling mordants however a Copper (cupric sulphate) was used known today as blue vitriol. It is readily soluble in water and easy to apply. It gives some special effects in shades, which otherwise cannot be obtained.
Alum was an older name for a variation of blue vitriol, is again a sulphate of copper (clear white granular like sugar in appearance) Alum was used as a dye fixative, as a brightening agent for almost every color. Alum is the least poisonous of the metal mordants.
I believe that the processing and production of sulphates/metal compounds, was originally a secret passed on by the word of mouth from master to apprentice. This process of sulfation of metallic acid and alkaline earths, especially the process of the sulfation of copper earth must have been kept a Guild secret in places like Cyprus for millennia.
The process of transformation also seems to have captured the imagination of philosophers and poets. This natural earth, water, air and fire based process in time, created the 'salt' the 'product' that intuitively represented to the philosopher the salt of life, the ontological processor.
Metallurgists from the Khabur river valley near lake Van, and from Cyprus must have worked it out very early on (4400 B.C.) They must have known the secrets of inorganic and organic chemistry, having originally observed it as the natural seasonal process, its use as a superior color fixer a mordant.
This is the spectrum of the seven metallic mineral based sulphates. We know that this product a mordant, a tanning color fixing salt/agent was in use in Egypt as well as in Crete. We also know that by Greek Classical times it was also referred to as the 'elixir of life' which again was described in great detail by Pliny.
After the "Dark Ages" we have a number of early medieval accounts describing the manufacture and use of vitriol’s, and Jabir-Ibn-Hayyan (721-815) who was the first we have documentary evidence from, clearly distinguishing green vitriol and blue vitriol, ferrous sulphate and copper sulphate respectively.
Metalic salts are among the earliest of dyes for textiles. Early people from all over the world realized that certain soils would impart colour to cloth if buried in it for some duration. Examples of such a technique can also be found in textiles of the Swiss Lake Dwellers, approx. 3000 BC and modern use of the practice can be found in Africa, where the natives treat the cloth with a pattern of 'tannins' and then bury it in iron-rich soil, producing a black and tan design.
Words that not only signified a product a noun often also signified an adjective and a verb, like for example the meaning of mordant, which as verb for the Alchemist and philosopher signified penetrating.
In the Lexicon of Alchemy there is an entry on a substance known variously in Arabic as Seb, Sebel, Aseb, Aseby. In Greek the same substance was known as Scipterea or Alumen and in German Alum.
Aseby we can be sure to be referring to Cyprus. In the Ptolemaic text, Sir George Hill in his book, “The History of Cyprus” offers the following: “We must start the consideration of the problem, not with the early text, but with a passage in the Trilingual Decree of Canopus, dating from 238 B.C. with which may be connected a passage in another Ptolemaic text.
In this Decree, Kypros in the Greek is equated with Salmina in the demotic (assumed as the names of the chief city being used for the whole island) and in the hieroglyphic with a word which used to be variously read, but which is now generally agreed to be Aseb or Aseby, and to which is added the qualification in the midst of the sea. He continues, "It has been plausibly suggested that the hieroglyphic form has been assimilated to the demotic, by taking over the termination –ina, Aseb-ina. Detaching this, we have left the stem sb, which is the same word as was vocalized earlier as Aseby and later still as Assy. The other document, which is of uncertain Ptolemaic date, has “the island of Seb” and the accompanying text speaks of “Asiatic copper of the island of Iufrus” which it has been proposed to emend to “Kufrus”. There is thus much reason to assume that to the Ptolemaic scribes Assy or Aseby meant Cyprus.”
This becomes most relevant because we know that Aseb/Aseby was a highly sought after product for the ancients as it was for the industrial revolution lead by the UK. This manufactured product that was found naturally and was easily processed was unique to and very special from Cyprus. Obviously a natural geoligically, because of the islands sulphurous igneous silicate mix of soils, as well as a natural geographically because of its extreme Mediterranean type of climate and naturally fot location offshore at the heart of the traderoutd of early civilization.
Looking further back in time, for the mordant in Egyptian, Sumerian and Assyrian records, I found the following Egyptian word that that reads A-SEB-Y, to me it is the formula that indicates the process of sulfation of metallic acid from alkaline earths. I posit that it referred especially to the process of the sulfation of copper earth.
ASEB is a product listed in the lexicon compiled at the end of the 15th century by Martinus Rolandus for a Lord Henry Julius. This Arabic word Aseb, (which in the same dictionary, is equated with the German word Alum) appears with the following definition, description; "It is a metallic substance in veins of earth, which occupies a middle position between vitriol, or copperas, and salt. It is found in mines. It is like a salt substance, or liquor, issuing out of the earth (see Pliny, 1.35, c.15). It is composed of water and slime; whence its nature is of an earthy efflux. It is drawn off in streams during winter, and it is perfected by fermentation under the summer suns. It is this vein of earth which is transmuted into a white colour by the excessive heat that makes it Alum.
The name Alum like Aseb signifies something manufactured and every species of Chalcantum was said to contain alum. We know on the authority of the learned that we may admit several “species” of alum, and most certainly that Alum like Aseb is made in hot places that above all are sulphurous and igneous. It is found native in mines. It is hot and dry according to Avicenna. Others say that it is hot and dry in the third degree. A process is said to be "autogenous." when enough material is present in the feed to sustain the process temperature solely by exothermic reaction (i.e. without the addition of fuel or electrical heat).
Alum is either black or white as in Cyprus, and there gold is purged with it. Some term Alum Copperine because it occurs in pyrites. Hence Chalcites is frequently miscalled Concrete Alum. There is Zuccarine (sugary) Alum, Scissile, called Schistos by Pliny distributes itself in small threads and is called Trichitis this is also falsified out of Scissile Stone and called Scaly or Feathery Alum.”
The trade of aseb/alum from Cyprus to other regions has been an extremely complicated subject. The chronological spread, was difficult to comprehend. I am still amazed at the etymological dead end that English has seemingly reached' it seems a self imposed dead end.
Since the achievement of Michael Ventris in 1952 in deciphering the Linear B script, we have had an additional means by which to investigate natural and manufactured products of value traded in the Bronze Age.
ASEBY: The process, transformation, transmutation, the becoming of divalent metals.
The production of salts, dyes and paints, cosmetics and mordants, made use of techniques and reactions common to chemical experimentation such as dissolution, and sublimation of today. Mineralogy among these early crafts, entailed the knowledge of certain chemical reactions, stones and metallic ores and salts, vital to the alloying and metallurgy and the dying of wool and leathers.
Starting with a little used and known chemical compound still in use today, we find the name in the Russian, 'Купорос' which is the same product as the Old English product named 'copperas' today's vitriol. We realize that even among experts there is a confusion regarding this product, it is not well known, and always confused. outside the wool dying craft.
In the Encyclopedia Britannica 1958 version, it says that "cupri rose", is the rose, or flower of cupri. It is a term formerly synonymous with the word vitriol which applied to all the sulphates including the green, blue, and white vitriol’s, or the sulphates of iron, which is green, copper which is blue and zinc, which is white. However, what is referred to as copperas today is ferrous sulphate and it has nothing to do with copper. It is made from iron pyrites (ferrous di-sulphide). This word is now applied exclusively to ferrous sulphate.
The name copperas dates from times when the copper(II) sulfate was known as blue copperas, Quianos or Cianum it is not a metallic vein in the earth, and it seems according to Dioscorides’ description, that it is called cuperosum {"copperas"}. It occurs, he says, in Cyprus in metal mines and it is also found in caves by the sea-shore. The best to choose, he adds, is the one that has a clear and emerald-like colour, etc. Greek κύανος /kýanos/ - itacist /kíanos/ - is a word loaned from some source language in Asia minor, cf. Hittite kuṷanna(n) "copper(blue), ornamental stone" (Frisk, 1960-72: II.37). It has multiple meanings in Greek, linked by the common notion of "blue". like "1. dark-blue enamel, esp. used to adorn armour. 2. lapis lazuli. 3. blue copper carbonate. 4. sea-water. 5.(fem.) the colour blue".
Although the identification lapis lazuli is often suggested for κύανος /kýanos/, it cannot be the case, since it is clearly stated by Dioscorides, that the substance in question is mined in Cyprus, and lapis lazuli does not occur on the island.
From the early Bronze Age onward, Cyprus has had a long history of copper ore mining. Copper is rarely found pure in nature, but it combines, usually oxidized, with other elements, like sulphur, to form copper ores, many of which are of a bluish colour. These ores proved to be extremely desirable, when, the early mineralogists and smelters learned the natural processed sulphates were as valuable as extracting pure copper from sulphide ores.
Coperosa is a Latin word and the definition of coperosa in English is copperas. Dioscorides' I believe is writing about Coperosa when referring to copper and iron sulphates or white, blue and green vitriol, in medieval Latin this word had many variant forms, like cuprosa, cuperosum, cuporosum, cuperosa, coperosa, coperosium, coprosa. Copperas would also fit in best with Dioscorides' colour adjective smaragdine if his wording: limpidum et colorem smaragdinum - "a clear and emerald-like colour" was a translation of the original Greek σφόδρα κατακορής /sphódra katakorḗs/ "exceedingly deep/intense in colour", and since κύανος /kýanos/ refers to things blue, I am sure this must have been the color Dioscorides had in mind. Coperosa (SO4.7 H2O) also appears in recipes as coperoet, couperose as white. Coperosa, as one of the main ingredients in this oil-based mordant or adhesive or fixative must be fine and white and not grey he says.
Copperas as a green vitriol, is a light green crystalline sulphate of iron, it was closely linked with the woolens industry because it was mainly used as a textile dye fixative. It was a dye darkening agent, it was also used to blacken leather and the preparation of inks.
For dulling mordants however a Copper (cupric sulphate) was used known today as blue vitriol. It is readily soluble in water and easy to apply. It gives some special effects in shades, which otherwise cannot be obtained.
Alum was an older name for a variation of blue vitriol, is again a sulphate of copper (clear white granular like sugar in appearance) Alum was used as a dye fixative, as a brightening agent for almost every color. Alum is the least poisonous of the metal mordants.
I believe that the processing and production of sulphates/metal compounds, was originally a secret passed on by the word of mouth from master to apprentice. This process of sulfation of metallic acid and alkaline earths, especially the process of the sulfation of copper earth must have been kept a Guild secret in places like Cyprus for millennia.
The process of transformation also seems to have captured the imagination of philosophers and poets. This natural earth, water, air and fire based process in time, created the 'salt' the 'product' that intuitively represented to the philosopher the salt of life, the ontological processor.
Metallurgists from the Khabur river valley near lake Van, and from Cyprus must have worked it out very early on (4400 B.C.) They must have known the secrets of inorganic and organic chemistry, having originally observed it as the natural seasonal process, its use as a superior color fixer a mordant.
This is the spectrum of the seven metallic mineral based sulphates. We know that this product a mordant, a tanning color fixing salt/agent was in use in Egypt as well as in Crete. We also know that by Greek Classical times it was also referred to as the 'elixir of life' which again was described in great detail by Pliny.
After the "Dark Ages" we have a number of early medieval accounts describing the manufacture and use of vitriol’s, and Jabir-Ibn-Hayyan (721-815) who was the first we have documentary evidence from, clearly distinguishing green vitriol and blue vitriol, ferrous sulphate and copper sulphate respectively.
Metalic salts are among the earliest of dyes for textiles. Early people from all over the world realized that certain soils would impart colour to cloth if buried in it for some duration. Examples of such a technique can also be found in textiles of the Swiss Lake Dwellers, approx. 3000 BC and modern use of the practice can be found in Africa, where the natives treat the cloth with a pattern of 'tannins' and then bury it in iron-rich soil, producing a black and tan design.
Words that not only signified a product a noun often also signified an adjective and a verb, like for example the meaning of mordant, which as verb for the Alchemist and philosopher signified penetrating.
In the Lexicon of Alchemy there is an entry on a substance known variously in Arabic as Seb, Sebel, Aseb, Aseby. In Greek the same substance was known as Scipterea or Alumen and in German Alum.
Aseby we can be sure to be referring to Cyprus. In the Ptolemaic text, Sir George Hill in his book, “The History of Cyprus” offers the following: “We must start the consideration of the problem, not with the early text, but with a passage in the Trilingual Decree of Canopus, dating from 238 B.C. with which may be connected a passage in another Ptolemaic text.
In this Decree, Kypros in the Greek is equated with Salmina in the demotic (assumed as the names of the chief city being used for the whole island) and in the hieroglyphic with a word which used to be variously read, but which is now generally agreed to be Aseb or Aseby, and to which is added the qualification in the midst of the sea. He continues, "It has been plausibly suggested that the hieroglyphic form has been assimilated to the demotic, by taking over the termination –ina, Aseb-ina. Detaching this, we have left the stem sb, which is the same word as was vocalized earlier as Aseby and later still as Assy. The other document, which is of uncertain Ptolemaic date, has “the island of Seb” and the accompanying text speaks of “Asiatic copper of the island of Iufrus” which it has been proposed to emend to “Kufrus”. There is thus much reason to assume that to the Ptolemaic scribes Assy or Aseby meant Cyprus.”
This becomes most relevant because we know that Aseb/Aseby was a highly sought after product for the ancients as it was for the industrial revolution lead by the UK. This manufactured product that was found naturally and was easily processed was unique to and very special from Cyprus. Obviously a natural geoligically, because of the islands sulphurous igneous silicate mix of soils, as well as a natural geographically because of its extreme Mediterranean type of climate and naturally fot location offshore at the heart of the traderoutd of early civilization.
Looking further back in time, for the mordant in Egyptian, Sumerian and Assyrian records, I found the following Egyptian word that that reads A-SEB-Y, to me it is the formula that indicates the process of sulfation of metallic acid from alkaline earths. I posit that it referred especially to the process of the sulfation of copper earth.
ASEB is a product listed in the lexicon compiled at the end of the 15th century by Martinus Rolandus for a Lord Henry Julius. This Arabic word Aseb, (which in the same dictionary, is equated with the German word Alum) appears with the following definition, description; "It is a metallic substance in veins of earth, which occupies a middle position between vitriol, or copperas, and salt. It is found in mines. It is like a salt substance, or liquor, issuing out of the earth (see Pliny, 1.35, c.15). It is composed of water and slime; whence its nature is of an earthy efflux. It is drawn off in streams during winter, and it is perfected by fermentation under the summer suns. It is this vein of earth which is transmuted into a white colour by the excessive heat that makes it Alum.
The name Alum like Aseb signifies something manufactured and every species of Chalcantum was said to contain alum. We know on the authority of the learned that we may admit several “species” of alum, and most certainly that Alum like Aseb is made in hot places that above all are sulphurous and igneous. It is found native in mines. It is hot and dry according to Avicenna. Others say that it is hot and dry in the third degree. A process is said to be "autogenous." when enough material is present in the feed to sustain the process temperature solely by exothermic reaction (i.e. without the addition of fuel or electrical heat).
Alum is either black or white as in Cyprus, and there gold is purged with it. Some term Alum Copperine because it occurs in pyrites. Hence Chalcites is frequently miscalled Concrete Alum. There is Zuccarine (sugary) Alum, Scissile, called Schistos by Pliny distributes itself in small threads and is called Trichitis this is also falsified out of Scissile Stone and called Scaly or Feathery Alum.”
The trade of aseb/alum from Cyprus to other regions has been an extremely complicated subject. The chronological spread, was difficult to comprehend. I am still amazed at the etymological dead end that English has seemingly reached' it seems a self imposed dead end.
Since the achievement of Michael Ventris in 1952 in deciphering the Linear B script, we have had an additional means by which to investigate natural and manufactured products of value traded in the Bronze Age.
ASEBY: The process, transformation, transmutation, the becoming of divalent metals.
The Alchemists referred to this substance as the germ/seed/salt, sulphur and mercury of metals or metallic vitriol. Vitriol is known today as a sulphate of divalent metals.
It was originally referred to by the philosophers - who greatly admired its efficacy and mystery - as a "Creature of God" as the Primal matter, the Micro cosmos (a small world, wherein heaven, air, earth, fire, water where all elements exist, including birth, death, dissolution, the creation, the resurrection).
Alchemy and alchemist are in fact older words than chemistry and chemist in English. Alchemists believed that lead could be “perfected” into gold, that diseases could be cured, and that life could be prolonged through transmutation, or a change of essential elements into a superior form can be achieved. Their secretive experiments, usually involving heat and the mixing of liquids, led to the development of pharmacology and the rise of modern chemistry.
V.I.T.R.I.O.L is said to be the first formula of Alchemy, the Philosophical Mercury of Hermetic science, the legendary substance which is said to have three angles, the salt, sulphur, and mercury, the Philosophers Stone, the idea of the active creative principal in existence, the spirit, prima materia, the first cause, the process, transformation, transmutation, Kibris etc. etc. etc.
All who have written on the art have concealed the true name of this matter which is the supreme Key of chemistry. Having potentially all the qualities and properties of elementary things, they have given it the name of all kinds of things.
In the Mycenaean tablets dated 1400 B.C, is the record of an item named/written syllabic script as Ku-pi-ri-jo (Kypyrio). This is recognized as a product, white, sugary. I posit that this product is a mordant, a double sulfate, and because it was processed in Cyprus (to be used to fasten color on wool) it gave its name to Cyprus, which in turn gave its name in Latin to copper. Also that the name Aseby was the Egyptian equivalent to Kypiriyo, the ancient name, process, product, a mordant of and from the island of Cyprus. If this is shown to be correct, (that both words were originally names for the same product) then the origin of the name Cyprus is well and truly solved. It also follows that this naturally processed product alludes to the Alchemists and Philosophers work of the stone, the word for the process, the transformed or transmutation i.e. the V.I.T.R.I.O.L. of 1750 A.D.
Ku-pi-ri-jo: We have known for some time that alums, tannins, mordents, oils along with dyed wool and other commodities were traded in the ancient world. We now know that all references where Ku-pi-ri-jo is specified are referring to dealings with individuals associated with sheep, wool and a mixture of manufactured commodities like mordents and oils; including alum, and last but not least we know according to the latest evidence provided by the Knossos fragments is that Ku-pi-ri-jo directly modifies wool and that the phonetic abbreviation “Ku” at Thebes and at Knossos suggests a “metallic salt” as in an “essence” a modifier of wool.
In the Linear B texts there are 14 occurrences of the word Ku-pi-ri-jo on clay tablets and fragments which were interpreted by Vantris-Chadwich as Kuprios, thought possibly to correspond to the Classic Greek proper noun “κυπρίος, which we know today to be both a personal and ethnic name derived from Кυπρος. To be sure, there is no direct evidence that Cyprus was known at the time to the Greeks by this name. The following extract from John Chadwick book titled “The Mycenaean World” is a good example on the confusion that has existed to date. At the end of Chapter 8, “Craft, Industry and Trade” Chadwick brings together all the processed products supplied to the Mycenaean trade and economic centers, bartered and recorded on clay tablets. He includes the word Ku-pi-ri-jo and admits that he is confounded by it. “We have twice the expression tu-ru-pte-ri-ja-no (PY An 35.5; Un 443.1), where the first word is likely to be strupterias (classical stypt- cf. English styptic) of “alum”. Alum was a commodity imported into Greece, especially from Cyprus, and probably chiefly used as a mordant in dyeing. A curious fact is that in three Knossos tablets (Fh 347, Fh 361, Fh 372) the “name” involved in the translation is the same as one of the Pylos instances (Un 443.1). Obviously the same man cannot be meant “the man from Cyprus”. Is this perhaps not a personal name? If so that would be documentary evidence of what we know well enough from archeology, that the Mycenaean’s traded with Cyprus; and as mentioned above, alum as well as copper was exported from the island.”
My research of metallic earths takes the connection made above between today’s sulphates of divalent metals to a substance traded and referred to in 1500 B.C. by the Mycenaean’s as "Kyprio" (Ku-pi-ri-jo in linear B) and the same substance referred to by the Egyptians as "Aseby".
The Mycenaean word Ku-pi-ri-jo (Kuprio), is equivalent to the Egyptian word Aseby which in turn is equivalent to Asebina, a bronze age reference to Cyprus. Having proved both these words are referring to “Alum”/"V.I.T.R.I.O.L" should solve the problem of the meaning and origin of the name Cyprus/Kypros once and for all?
AL-ASHIA REVSITED: Assyrians, Hittites and Egyptians referred to the island of Cyprus during the late Bronze Age as Alashia. It is hardly credible but still a fact that this important island was not recognised clearly in the documents. We know for sure only that when the Greeks came to the island, they referred to the copper they traded with Cyprus as (khalkos Kuprios), whence the Roman (Æs Cyprium). Since the word Khalkos and Aes referred to the copper, it has been a mind blowing mystery as to what the origin and the meaning of the word Kypri, Kuprios or Cyprium or Aseby or Assy or Alashia could mean.
There is also a short report composed and published in Berlin on March 1888 by Adolph Erman, a German Egyptologist that stated the case for Aseby clearly as it stood then and still stands today, which I quote for clarity: “It is now generally accepted that the land Asebi, as specially mentioned on the inscriptions of Thutmosis III, indicates the Island of Cyprus. A number of hypotheses have been built on this supposition, even though the reason for such identification is a weak one. It is based on the well known decree of Canopios, a document of the Hellenistic period, which translates the Kypros from the Greek text into Egyptian as the island Sebinai.”
ALUM: We know from Pliny that in Roman times the best alum was obtained in Cyprus. For the novice it must be explained that the Alumen or Alum of the ancients was not the same as the alum of the moderns. The word "alumen," which was later translated to "alum," occurs originally in Pliny's Natural History (15th chapter of his 35th book) where he gives a detailed description. By comparing Pliny’s account with the account of stupteria given by Dioscorides in the 123rd chapter of his 5th book, it becomes obvious that the alumen and stupteria are identical. Alum and styptic occur naturally in more than one form and where it is not naturally available it can be processed or manufactured. For the ancients the processes involved, ranged from relatively simple methods to extremely sophisticated ones. Pliny informs us that alumen was found naturally in the earth. Differing substances were distinguished by the name of "alumen"; but they were all characterized by a certain degree of astringency, and were all employed in dyeing and medicine. The light-coloured alumen was said to be useful as a mordent in brilliant dyes, the dark-coloured only in dyeing black or very dark colours. This property we know today as characterizing a solution of iron sulphate in water. Pliny points out that there is another kind of alum which the Greeks call schistos which forms in white threads upon the surface of certain stones. From the name schistos, and the mode of formation, there can be little doubt that this species was the salt which forms spontaneously on certain slate minerals, as alum slate and bituminous shale, and which consists chiefly of sulphates of iron and aluminium. Possibly in certain places the iron sulphate may have been nearly wanting, and then the salt would be white, and would answer, as Pliny says it did, for dyeing bright colours. Several other species of alumen are described by Pliny, but we are unable to make out to what minerals or “salts” he alludes. What we do know is that he was acquainted well with crystallized iron sulphate, and distinguished it from other sulphates by the names of misy, sory and chalcanthum. The procurement of alumen/alum has been dubbed "The earliest Chemical Industry" by Professor Charles Singer who in a monumental study of its occurrence and of its manufacture in the past gives us a time frame that comfortably takes in the early, middle and late Bronze Age. There are oblique references to alum, sometimes very obscure, dating back at least to two millennia B.C. Its actual usage can be proved by analyzing and dating artefacts in which alum had been employed. It was used mainly as a mordant for tanning and softening leather. It was also used for its medicinal and cosmetic properties as well as an auxiliary agent in miscellaneous metal and glass finishes. The earliest known uses of alum in the Mediterranean area, and indeed anywhere, are referred to in Egyptian records before 2000 B.C. It is obvious that the Ancients had discovered that alum possessed certain valuable qualities not found together in any other common substance. For example its natural occurrence, its extreme readiness to crystallize especially in very hot dry places like Cyprus and its extremely important value in dyeing, especially for its absence of colour. Alums are (mostly) isomorphous which means that they can co-crystallize. They can form mixed crystals when they deposit together. They crystallize as octahedrora most commonly as an iron or copper sulphate. Now “Alum” or Vitriol were applied to a variety of substances in common, and as they were all distinguished by a sweetish and astringent taste, writers, even after the discovery of the exact meaning of alum as the sulphate salts, did not seem to have picked up on or discriminated the these salts accurately from each other.
PYRITES/MARCASITES: Koucky and Steinberg quoted Biringuccio's sixteenth-century account of the production of alum/vitriol, which describes how ore heaps were "exposed to the weathering of the rains, the cold, and the sun for five or six months...[and later] left to stand for another six or eight months..." Biringuccio described how the pyrite ore was then washed, the wash solution was decanted off, and this solution heated in large vats. The thickened solution was finally used to produce the vitriol (Biringuccio 1959: 95-98).
For the record alum earth or alum shale is an argillaceous rock, commonly shale containing marcasite or pyrite which, as it decomposes, forms mild sulphuric acid that attacks the shale and produces alum. Many such rocks are carbonaceous. Alum Schist/Shale is a variety of shale or clay slate, containing iron pyrites, the decomposition of which leads to the formation of alum, which often effloresces on the rock.Alum, most commonly potash alum KAl(SO4)2·12H2O, which is from the Latin alumen, was extensively mined and used by goldsmiths, dyers, paper manufacturers, and physicians in ancient civilizations. It forms from the oxidation of pyrite in shales and slates and from oxidation of sulfurous gases in geothermal areas.
“It is plain that almost all kinds of atramentum are made of Earth and Water. At first they were liquid and afterwards solid, and still they can be redissolved, by heat and moisture.” Albertus Magnus (1205–1280) Book of Minerals (transl. D. Wyckoff, 1967)
The Greeks and the Romans described stalactites of atramentum (soluble metal-sulfate salts) that formed within mines and along rock faces (Agricola 1546, 1556).
Agricola says that “Pyrite, unless it contains sulphates, is either a golden or silver color, rarely any other, while cadmia is black, yellow brown, or gray. The former will cure gatherings while the latter is a deadly poison and will destroy any living substance. “
Copperas is a little-known chemical today - even among historians. Encyclopaedia Britannica 1958 says 'cupri rose, the flower of cupri, is a term formerly synonymous with vitriol and applied to all the sulphates and included the green, blue, and white vitriol’s, or the sulphates of iron, copper, and zinc. The word is now applied exclusively to ferrous sulphate. So it is clear and fair to say that copperas did not originally have anything to do with any particular metal but rather the process of sulfation of metallic acid and alkaline earths, including copper.
Copperas today (ferrous sulphate) still has nothing to do with copper. It is made from iron pyrites (ferrous disulphide). Copperas Green vitriol (FeSO4<>2H2O), is a light green crystalline sulphate of iron, was closely linked with the woollen industry because it was mainly used as a textile dye fixative, a dye darkening agent, a black dye also used to blacken leather and the preparation of inks. Alum Blue vitriol on the other hand is a sulphate of copper that was used as a dye fixative, a brightening agent for almost every colour. Alum is the least poisonous of the metal mordents.
The production of sulphate / metal compounds, known generically as ‘vitriols’, was known to the Babylonians, it had become well established by Classical times, described by Pliny. A number of early medieval accounts describe the manufacture and use of vitriols, and Jabir-Ibn-Hayyan (721-815) was the first who clearly distinguished between green vitriol and blue vitriol, ferrous sulphate and copper sulphate respectively.
Metals are among the earliest of dyes for textiles. Early people from all over the world realized that certain soils would impart colour to cloth if buried in it for some duration. Examples of such a technique can be found in textiles of the Swiss Lake Dwellers, approx. 3000 BC and modern use of the practice can be found in Africa, where the natives treat the cloth with a pattern of tannins and then bury it in iron-rich soil, producing a black and tan design.
Unfortunately over time terms used to refer to dye substances have been ambiguous, and some terms meant different substances in different times or places. The Russian word is “KYПPOC.” Vitriolic in language has come to mean sharp, caustic, sarcastic, bitter, or biting. This meaning of vitriolic derives from the chemical definition of vitriol as a caustic metal sulphate. Vitriol (from 'glass') or copperas (from 'coppery water') is a protosulphate of copper, iron, or zinc. It is generated from the weathering of pyrites and run off with water except in special circumstances, as in mines. Green vitriol, or simply vitriol, or (confusedly) green copperas, proto-sulphate of iron is used in dyeing, tanning, and making inks. It is formed by weathering pyrite. Blue vitriol is of copper; it occurs in the drainage of copper mines, and is also called chalcanthum (Gk 'copper flower'); this term is also sometimes applied to the iron form. White vitriol is of zinc. These salts, as they were referred to, among which alum was included, were very important substances in the duel spheres of theory and practice.
V.I.T.R.I.O.L. philosophically speaking is the first formula of Alchemy; it is an anagram that states in Latin the following, Visita Interiore Terrae Rectificando Invenies Occultem Lapidem. This translates into English as “visit the interior of the earth and extract the occult stone” found in L'Azoth des Philosophers by the 15th Century alchemist Basilius Valentinus. Vitriol which has played an important role in the development of modern chemical and metallurgical practices is known to have engaged the speculation of metallurgists, philosophers, alchemists and mineralogists from the beginning of recorded time. For those who wish to study further the natural occurrence of vitriol/sulphate salts and its earliest recognition as a distinct group of related minerals should read Vladimir Karpenko and John A. Norris in their recent brilliant paper “VITRIOL IN THE HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY.” Vitriol’s on the other hand as originally defined as a natural mineral genus (the sulphates of divalent metals today), played an important role in the development of chemical and metallurgical practice, and engaged the speculation of alchemists, mineralogists and philosophers. Vitriol was the general name given to a class or group of related minerals with common characteristics that were recognized by the ancients because of their natural occurrence which could be said to be ephemeral. These reactions, which were in the distant past construed as an apparent transmutation of metals, were significant for European alchemy and mineralogy. The theory concerning vitriol’s mineral identity and the understanding of its remarkable composition and chemical effects, constitute the most important chapter in the history of mineral chemistry, because it reveals the simple interplay between the observation of the natural formation of vitriol’s and the evolution of its extraction processes, with the empirical knowledge concerning its composition.
The unique position of vitriol’s today was codified in al-Rází's classification of mineral substances (900 AD). The importance of Rasi’s consideration of vitriol is when it is compared with Jabir ibn Hayyan’s, who in his “Great book of Properties” (Kitab al-hawass al-Kabir) AD 750 divided all mineral substances into three groups. Vitriol was a subcategory of the mineral group which was distinguished because it contained a very small proportion of “spirit” (the separable, volatile part). This subcategory interestingly also included shells, pearls, and “flower of copper”. Dioscorides (first century AD) indicates that vitriol was considered in ancient times as a mineral genus that was designated by its mode of origin and distinguished by colour. Pliny the Roman naturalist, 50 year’s later, referred to vitriol produced in the vicinity of the copper ore deposits of Cyprus. Both authors describe vitriol forming as white dripstones in caves, mines, man made tunnels, and along the side of pits dug into the vitriolus earths.
This sap of life, this bituminous substance in the bowels of the earth, this slime which when exposed to the air and the heat of the summer sun transformed or transmuted and crystallized into a di-sulphate, an Alum to Pliny, Aseb/Assy to the Egyptian scribe, the ky-pi-ri-jo of the Mycenaean, was simultaneously the matter of the work, the mystery, the secret, the original touch stone of Hephaestus, the philosophers stone of Alchemy.
Texts dealing with the creation or synthesis of matter are a blueprint for physical experimentation in a cosmic context (as well as for personal development). In the Orient, alchemy is a system of meditation in which one's body is understood as elementally and harmonically equivalent to the field of creation. (Between East and West, the body may be thought of as a microcosm of nature, with its own deposits of seeds, elixirs, and mineral substances). In the Occident, alchemy is an early inductive experimental science and is closely allied with metallurgy, pharmacy, industrial chemistry.
Simplified, the aims of the alchemists were threefold: to find the Stone of Knowledge (The Philosophers' Stone), to discover the medium of Eternal Youth and Health, and to discover the transmutation of metals. To the medieval alchemist’s mind the different elements were but the same original substance in varying degrees of purity. Many alchemical texts like the Rosarium insist on the interrelatedness of body and spirit.
It would appear therefore that in seeking the ‘conjunction of opposites’ the alchemists were attempting to overturn the conventional conceptual dichotomization between spirit and body, and to offer in its place models that reflected their intuitions of ontological wholeness.
A Dulling mordant (cupric sulphate) known as blue vitriol, is readily soluble in water and easy to apply. It gives some special effects in shades, which otherwise cannot be obtained.
The word acid and alkaline (the older word for base) are derived from direct sensory experience. Their properties have an obvious relationship: taste, colour change and mutual destruction. It was the observable properties of acids and bases that man first began to explore and analyze. The word alkaline comes from the Arabic al-qily, which means "to roast in a pan" or "the calcinated ashes of plants." The word acid comes from the Latin word acere, which means "sour." Other languages also derive their word for acid from their meaning of sour.
SAL-MINA SALAMIS
Mina of origin is Sanskrit and it is predominantly used in the Indian language, Meaning 'fish'.
Mina In Hindu mythology, is the name of the daughter of the god Kubera with the goddess Ushi.
Mina is of Pashto origin and it is used largely in the Afghani language. Meaning: 'love'.
El Mina is the site of the ancient city of Tripolis that dates back to the Phoenician era, and is one of Lebanon's oldest cities, alongside Byblos, Tyre and Sidon.
Al-Mina (Arabic: "the port") Mina is Arabic for "port, it is now the modern name given by Leonard Woolley to an ancient trading post on the Mediterranean coast of northern Syria, in the estuary of the Orontes, near Samandag, in Turkey's province (il) of Hatay. Al-Mina served as an outpost for cultural influences that accompanied trade with Urartu and the shortest caravan route to Assyrian cities of upper Mesopotamia. Through Al-Mina and Greek traders in Cyprus the Phoenician alphabet and other technology were transmitted to Euboea and mainland Greece in the eighth century BC.
Mina (fl. c. 3100 BC), a.k.a. Menes, legendary Egyptian ruler and the first pharaoh of Egypt.
Mina is an ancient Near Eastern unit of weight. The mina, was also a unit of currency. In ancient Greece, it originally equaled to 70 drachmae, later was increased to 100 drachmae. Hebrew māneh, Aramaic mĕnē, Syriac manyā, Ugaritic mn, and Akkadian manū.
From earliest Sumerian times, a mina was a unit of weight. At first, talents and shekels had not yet been introduced. By the time of Ur-Nammu, the mina had a value of 1/60 talents as well as 60 shekels. The value of the mina is calculated at 1.25 pounds or 0.571 kilograms per mina (18.358 troy ounces).
Evidence from Ugarit indicates that a mina was equivalent to fifty shekels.[5] The prophet Ezekiel refers to a mina ('maneh' in the King James Version) as sixty shekels, in the Book of Ezekiel.[6] Jesus of Nazareth tells the "parable of the minas" in Luke 19:11-27.
Copper(II) sulfate, also known as cupric sulfate, or copper sulphate, is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula CuSO4(H2O)x, where x can range from 0 to 5. The pentahydrate (x = 5) The pentahydrate (CuSO4·5H2O), the most commonly encountered salt, it is bright blue. It exothermically dissolves in water to give the aquo c
TRANSMUTATION
A mordant is a metal compound which chemically binds to the fiber on one hand and to the dye on the other.
As a noun: a substance, typically an inorganic oxide, that combines with a dye or stain and thereby fixes it in a material. As averb: it is to impregnate or to treat (a fabric) with a mordant. Mordanting a fiber.
Synonyms: caustic, trenchant, biting, cutting, acerbic, sardonic, sarcastic, scathing, acid, sharp, keen, tart, pungent, stinging, astringent, incisive, devastating, piercing, rapier-like, razor-edged.
KU PY RE YO, THE ESSENCE OF FIRE, KU PY RE YO THE TRANSMUTATION.
The tri-litteral KPR was for the philosopher the expression that represented the eternal, immortal, inexhaustible, infinite, expression of the three creative forces suspended in time and space. The one all the spirit and matter of creation.
Ultimately I hope to show that it was not copper that gave its name to Cyprus or vica-verca or the Goddess Kypris, or the Cypress tree but the philosophical concept of transmutation.
The triad, the tri-literal kpr is the touchstone, the "key", the root word/verb signifying the ontological process philosophically. kpr is the hypo-stasis to the Egyptian word for the Scarab, Kheper, the Biblical Gabir, the Greek Κάβειροι (Kabeiroi), the Archangel GABRI-EL, the Latin, Romen Gibernor, translated to English Governor. Not forgeting the Kabur river triangle in messapotamia, the coloms of Gibraltar, the Kybar Pass etc.
As a noun: a substance, typically an inorganic oxide, that combines with a dye or stain and thereby fixes it in a material. As averb: it is to impregnate or to treat (a fabric) with a mordant. Mordanting a fiber.
Synonyms: caustic, trenchant, biting, cutting, acerbic, sardonic, sarcastic, scathing, acid, sharp, keen, tart, pungent, stinging, astringent, incisive, devastating, piercing, rapier-like, razor-edged.
KU PY RE YO, THE ESSENCE OF FIRE, KU PY RE YO THE TRANSMUTATION.
The tri-litteral KPR was for the philosopher the expression that represented the eternal, immortal, inexhaustible, infinite, expression of the three creative forces suspended in time and space. The one all the spirit and matter of creation.
Ultimately I hope to show that it was not copper that gave its name to Cyprus or vica-verca or the Goddess Kypris, or the Cypress tree but the philosophical concept of transmutation.
The triad, the tri-literal kpr is the touchstone, the "key", the root word/verb signifying the ontological process philosophically. kpr is the hypo-stasis to the Egyptian word for the Scarab, Kheper, the Biblical Gabir, the Greek Κάβειροι (Kabeiroi), the Archangel GABRI-EL, the Latin, Romen Gibernor, translated to English Governor. Not forgeting the Kabur river triangle in messapotamia, the coloms of Gibraltar, the Kybar Pass etc.
Complex [Cu(H2O)6]2+, which has octahedral molecular geometry. The structure of the solid pentahydrate reveals a polymeric structure wherein copper is again octahedral but bound to four water ligands. Older names for this compound include, blue vitriol, bluestone, vitriol of copper, and Roman vitriol.
The Cu(II)(H2O)4 centers are interconnected by sulfate anions to form chains. Anhydrous copper sulfate is a white powder. Anhydrous copper(II) sulfate is a white solid. It can be produced by dehydration of the hydrates. It occurs as the very rare mineral known as chalcocyanite. The pentahydrate also occurs in nature as chalcanthite. Two other copper sulfates comprise the remaining of these rare minerals: bonattite (trihydrate) and boothite (heptahydrate).
Today quantities of reactive sulfides are concentrated and naturally exposed to water and air as a result of mining and mineral processing. Acid sulfate waters produce a number of fairly insoluble hydroxysulfate and oxyhydroxide minerals that precipitate during oxidation, hydrolysis, and neutralization.
Comments