Phenology is the study of periodic events in biological life cycles and how these are influenced by seasonal and interannual variations in climate, as well as habitat factors (such as elevation).[1]
Examples include the date of emergence of leaves and flowers, the first flight of butterflies, the first appearance of migratory birds, the date of leaf colouring and fall in deciduous trees, the dates of egg-laying of birds and amphibia, or the timing of the developmental cycles of temperate-zone honey bee colonies. In the scientific literature on ecology, the term is used more generally to indicate the time frame for any seasonal biological phenomena, including the dates of last appearance (e.g., the seasonal phenology of a species may be from April through September).
Because many such phenomena are very sensitive to small variations in climate, especially to temperature, phenological records can be a useful proxy for temperature in historical climatology, especially in the study of climate change and global warming. For example, viticultural records of grape harvests in Europe have been used to reconstruct a record of summer growing season temperatures going back more than 500 years. In addition to providing a longer historical baseline than instrumental measurements, phenological observations provide high temporal resolution of ongoing changes related to global warming.The word is derived from the Greek φαίνω (phainō), "to show, to bring to light, make to appear" + λόγος (logos), amongst others "study, discourse, reasoning" and indicates that phenology has been principally concerned with the dates of first occurrence of biological events in their annual cycle.
Phenomenography is a qualitative research methodology, within the interpretivist paradigm, that investigates the qualitatively different ways in which people experience something or think about something. The object of phenomenological study is not the phenomenon per se but the relationship between the actors and the phenomenon. It is an approach to educational research which appeared in publications in the early 1980s. It initially emerged from an empirical rather than a theoretical or philosophical basis.
While being an established methodological approach in education for several decades, phenomenography has now been applied rather extensively in a range of diverse disciplines such as environmental management, computer programming, workplace competence, and internationalization practices.
Seasonal recurrence of biological processes (phenology) and its relationship to environmental change is recognized as being of key scientific and public concern, The relevance of physiological and neurobiological regulation for organisms’ responsiveness to environmental conditions is paramount and of old was recognised as such. In a seasonal world, precise timing of annual processes such as reproduction, migration, diapause or hibernation is essential for survival and reproductive success. Accordingly, organisms have adapted to align with the predictable, periodic changes that are caused by geophysical cycles. Phenology, the seasonal timing of recurring biological processes, is the result of these complex, and species-specific, timing processes- Ference Marton
- Antipositivism (also interpretivism, negativism or antinaturalism)
Circadian rhythm - the biological rhythm of all living things (animals, plants, bacteria) experience. The Circadian rhythms tell flowers when to bloom and trees when to drop their leaves, fruit fly eggs when to hatch, frogs when to mate, and bears when to hibernate. They tell you when to sleep, wake up, and eat—even when to watch out for danger or to relax.
Your circadian rhythm (aka your body clock) is complex—and ruled by many different internal “clocks” in your cells, as well as in the microbiomes in your digestive tract (which has its own circadian rhythm).
The study of circadian rhythms is called chronobiology, which has found going to sleep, waking up, getting hungry, feeling energized, feeling relaxed, and many other natural drives are actually rhythms coming from within, based on environmental cues like light and temperature. Your circadian rhythm can also be influenced by lifestyle cues, like when you eat, how late you stay up, when you work, when you exercise, and more.
Back before we had electric lights (not to mention televisions, computers, and smartphones), natural rhythms took cues from the sun.
But when routines go out the window, your circadian rhythm gets confused. An abrupt change in schedule can make you feel like you have jet lag—even when you can’t travel. It can hinder your digestion, immune system function, energy, and mood.Dinacharya is a Sanskrit word made up of ‘dina,’ meaning day, and ‘acharya,’ meaning activity. So Dinacharya is a daily routine designed to maintain and connect us to our circadian rhythms or internal body clocks. While Ayurveda has emphasized the importance of a connection with nature for millennia, western scientists are only now beginning to understand exactly how important it is for the body to stay connected to the rhythms of nature.
Dinacharya makes us understand the best time for our daily routines, such as waking, exercise, bathing, meditation, prayer, meals, study, work, relaxation, and sleeping. This is necessary to maintain a healthy body, mind, and soul.
First cycle (sunrise-sunset)
6 am to 10 am - Kapha
10 am to 2 pm - Pitta
2 pm to 6 pm - Vata
Second cycle (sunset- sunrise)
6 pm to 10 pm - Kapha
10 pm to 2 am - Pitta
2 am to 6 am - Vata
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