*ARMENIAN ROOT SYLLABLE *AR SIGNIFIED THE PRIME MOVER FROM 2492 BCE.
The etymological dictionaries all offer us for the Armenian root ար- (ar-), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂er- (“to fit”), to fix, to put together, to slot. I would add that in linguistics, an affix which is a prefix, suffix, infix, and circumfix is a morpheme that is fixed to a word stem to form a new word or word form. Affixes are bound morphemes by definition. Affixation is the linguistic process that speakers use to form different words by adding morphemes at the beginning (prefixation), the middle (infixation) or the end (suffixation) of words.
The Dictionary offers the following list of words that it claims *ar- forms all or part of: adorn; alarm; aristarchy; aristo-; aristocracy; arm (n.1) "upper limb of the body;" arm (n.2) "weapon;" armada; armadillo; armament; armature; armilla; armistice; armoire; armor; armory; army; art (n.) "skill as a result of learning or practice;" arthralgia; arthritis; arthro-; arthropod; arthroscopy; article; articulate; artifact; artifice; artisan; artist; coordination; disarm; gendarme; harmony; inert; inertia; inordinate; ordain; order; ordinal; ordinance; ordinary; ordinate; ordnance; ornament; ornate; primordial; subordinate; suborn.
The evidence for the existence of *ar is hypothetical and the source is provided by: Sanskrit irmah "arm," rtih "manner, mode;" Armenian arnam "make," armukn "elbow;" Greek arti "just," artios "complete, suitable," artizein "to prepare," arthron "a joint;" Latin ars (stem art-) "art, skill, craft," armus "shoulder," artus "joint," arma "weapons;" Old Prussian irmo "arm;" German art "manner, mode."
However when we look into the Armenian verb առնեմ • (aṙnem) to make, do, form, produce, compose, fabric, operate, act, render, commit, effectuate, execute, cause with the root ար- (ar-), which is assumed to be from Proto-Indo-European *h₂er- (“to fit”), + -ն- (-n-). We agree that the aorist stem արար- (arar-) is a reduplication of the same root which has a totaly different meaning and even though it is cognate with Ancient Greek ἀραρίσκω (ararískō, “to join, fit together”) (imperfect ἤρᾰρον (ḗraron), perfect ἄραρα (árara), it does not take us beyond the hypothetical stage we are at.
*ar. *առ as a root prefix offers առնել a verb active meaning to do, to make; to render, to take, to receive, to get, form, produce, compose, fabric, operate, act, render, commit, effectuate, execute, cause.
արար- (arar-) is not an aorist stem it is doubling which is a word can be reduplicated totally, giving a related but different meaning or used for emphasizing. For example, as in քիչ-քիչ (little [by] little) in Turkish the example zaman zaman (time time) meaning "occasionally"; uzun uzun (long long) meaning "very long . This is a stem or word-formed where a meaning is expressed by repeating the base root word in the case of Arar- which can be separated into *ar*ar creating a stem which signifies the 'absolute all,' the whole, total, entire, each and every. As a prefix արար- (arar-) derives terms like արարիչ, a noun meaning the Creator, author and the first or the prime cause. արարչագործ is again a noun signifying the Creator which when broken down արար.չա.գործ, literally says 'All.first.work' as in the process known as the great work of the Alchemist, or the magnum opus in Latin. Here again we seem to be alluding to what Aristotle named the prime cause The word արարած is a noun for creature, being, existence, generation, or a created being. արարուած, is a noun which signifies an Act, a deed, an action as in the root/base word *Ar which accompanies the act of giving.
The root *Ar as in արար signifies the absolute All, the whole, total, entire, each and every. արարողապետ, a noun which means, master of ceremonies. The word for root in Armenian is արմատ, signifying again beginning, or a root cause, or a foundation. As a suffix -արար (-arar) derived terms like, ագոնարար (agonarar), ազատարար (azatarar), ազդարար (azdarar),բաժանարար (bažanarar),բախողարար (baxołarar), բանարար (banarar),հոծարար (hocarar),հրաշարարագոյն (hrašararagoyn)
ձեռնարար (jeṙnarar)
THE PRIME CAUSE/MOVER IS ARARICH IN ARMENIAN.
In the Armenian language the word արարիչ, is a noun meaning the Creator, author and the first or the prime cause. արարչագործ is again a noun signifying the Creator which when broken down արար.չա.գործ, literally says 'All.first.work' as in the process known as the great work of the Alchemist, or the magnum opus in Latin. Here again we seem to be alluding to what Aristotle named the prime cause The word արարած is a noun for creature, being, existence, generation, or a created being. արարուած, is a noun which signifies an Act, a deed, an action as in the root/base word *Ar which accompanies the act of giving. The root *Ar as in արար signifies the absolute All, the whole, total, entire, each and every. արարողապետ, a noun which means, master of ceremonies. The word root in Armenian is արմատ, or a beginning/սկիզբ, or cause/պատճառ, or foundation/հիմ.
In passing I wish to take a stab at the word Ararat/Ararad for having covered ArAr the suffix ատ, is a pronoun which gives us the meaning that, or the one. In other words Ararad simply signifies 'that one and only location,' a wonder of the world, a most awe inspiring sight in the most amazing location.THE SUMERIAN BULL OF HEAVEN.
The Armenian word Archar, 'արջառ,' is a noun for cattle in general. The aurochs is an extinct cattle species, considered to be the wild ancestor of modern domestic cattle. The aurochs is depicted in Paleolithic cave paintings, Neolithic petroglyphs, Ancient Egyptian reliefs and Bronze Age figurines. It symbolism power, sexual potency and prowess in religions of the ancient Near East. Its horns were used in votive offerings, as trophies and drinking horns. The aurochs domestication event occurred during the Neolithic Revolution which gave rise to the domestic cattle (Bos taurus) in the Fertile Crescent in the Near East that was introduced to Europe via the Balkans and the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Around 10,500 years ago, taurine cattle were domesticated from as few as 80 wild aurochs progenitors in central Anatolia, the Levant and Western Iran.
The given etymology for the word aurochs is that both syllables "aur" and "ur" are Germanic or Celtic 'words' meaning "wild ox". We are given the Old High German word/syllable /ūr/ to mean "primordial" and ohso for "ox" compounded to ūrohso, which became the early modern Aurochs. The Latin word "urus" has been used for wild ox from the Gallic Wars onward. The use of the plural form aurochsen in English is a direct parallel of the German plural Ochsen and recreates the same distinction by analogy as English singular ox and plural oxen. "Aurochs" in English is both the singular and the plural term used to refer to the animal.
Ur (ᚢ), is a letter of the runic alphabet in the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the Elder Futhark u rune ᚢ is *Ūruz meaning "wild ox".
The Old High German word ūr means "primordial". Ur-, when used as a prefix also means "primitive" or simply "original". In German ur- as a prefix forms words with the sense of “proto-, primitive, original” and we have coordinate terms for ur like arch-, archi-, archo- . The meaning of ur- as a combining form besides primitive, offers, original, or earliest, like in "He is not an actual historical person but represents the ur-man". Ur is also used denoting someone or something regarded as embodying the basic or intrinsic qualities of a particular class or type, like in taxonomy when the scribe is naming things.
Taurus we know for a fact was the constellation of the Northern Hemisphere during the Spring Equinox in the year 3,200 BCE. At the time it marked the start of the agricultural year with the New Year Akitu festival, meaning, 'the sowing of the barley,' the most important beginning date of the year thus in the Mesopotamian religion.
The use of the plural form aurochsen in English is a direct parallel of the German plural Ochsen and recreates the same distinction by analogy as English singular ox and plural oxen.[ "Aurochs" is both the singular and the plural term used to refer to the animal.
Primary in Armenian is best expressed by the phrase 'նախ եւ առաջ' means in the first place, meaning primarily, or as an adverb it is at first, first of all. Also նախնական = primitive, primordial and primary. սկզբնական = a beginning and հիմնական = foundational.
We know that the head of an Aurochs/Taurus was the most prominent constellation from the Paleolithic period on and it would have marked in the new year at spring during the Bronze Age, from 4500– 2500 BCE. The Bull became a cosmological symbol, uniting the fields and the laws of sky and earth, for during this period are found the earliest female figurines 4500 BCE and the archaeological signs show a cult of the tilled earth fertilized by the most powerful beast the bull who drew the plow, and simultaneously seeded the earth and sired the milk yielding cows. The horned moon, was the lord of the rhythm of the womb and of the rains and dews, analogy with the bull.
The word 'Prime,' suggests the first in order of time, in math, it is simply a positive integer. In language it can mean anything from existence, to the primitive, to development, or the earliest again in time. It can mean basic or fundamental. One can say the prime axioms of his philosophy or that the One or the All is first in rank or importance.
The use of the plural form aurochsen in English is a direct parallel of the German plural Ochsen and recreates the same distinction by analogy as English singular ox and plural oxen.[ "Aurochs" is both the singular and the plural term used to refer to the animal.
The word prime both for the Armenian and the word prime starts with the prefix *Ar as in Aracxhin, առաջին, and metaphorically the /ar/ prefixprime in the word նորածագ = newly cracked through, or գարուն = Spring, the prime month and *Ar.sha.luis, արշալոյս = first.sun.light. Also love տարփանք, a noun for ardent desire, passion is prime in Armenian. Prime when used as an adjective առաջին/first, ժամերգութիւն, the completoria, oe the divine church service. In the Christian church a service traditionally said at the first hour of the day (i.e. 6 a.m.) գլխաւոր = principal, of first importance, main, chief, key, central, principal, foremost, first, most, vital, important, paramount, major, dominant, supreme, overriding, cardinal, pre-eminent, ultimate, number one, fundamental, basic, essential, elemental.When of the best possible quality, excellent, highest quality, top tier, first class, first rate, high grade, grade A, superior. When flawless, choice, select, finest. Superlatives like peak, optimal' model, marvelous, magnificent, superb. It can refer to the state or time of greatest vigor or success in a person's life and similarly a heyday, prime of life, or peak or start of life, pinnacle, height, high point/spot, zenith, ascendancy.
Primary in Armenian is best expressed by the phrase 'նախ եւ առաջ' means in the first place, meaning primarily, or as an adverb it is at first, first of all. Also նախնական = primitive, primordial and primary. սկզբնական = a beginning and հիմնական = foundational.
Prime mover is a metaphysical concept advanced by Aristotle as a primary cause (or first not caused cause) or "mover" of all the motion in the universe. Aristotle argued, in his books of Physics and Metaphysics, "that there must be an immortal, unchanging being, ultimately responsible for all wholeness and orderliness in the sensible world". It is this he referred to as the prime mover, “god” to the rest of us. Aquinas understood 'prime mover' as the God of Christianity. Like Brahman in major schools of Hindu philosophy the 'prime mover' is the immaterial, efficient, formal and final cause of all that exists. Another way of saying it is that the 'prime mover' is the pervasive, infinite, eternal truth, it is consciousness and bliss which does not change, yet is the 'cause' of all changes. Brahman as a metaphysical concept refers to the single binding unity behind diversity in all that exists in the universe.
In ancient Aram, the constellation was known as Nephîlā′, the Nephilim are said to be Orion's descendants. The Nephilim (/ˈnɛfɪˌlɪm/; Hebrew: נְפִילִים Nəfīlīm) are mysterious beings or people in the Hebrew Bible who are described as being large and strong. The word Nephilim is loosely translated as giants in most translations of the Hebrew Bible, but left untranslated in others.In old Hungarian tradition, Orion is known as "Archer"
Armenian syllable Ar is a base root concept that is associated with the Armenian speech/language, the etymological of this root syllable is not yet clearly understood within circles studying roots and origins of PIE. This syllable is very prolific and makes its appearance in all ancient PIE languages. If there is an origin to PIE languages, then I have no doubt that at the very beginning of the creative process *Ar was there and it signifies a beginning. *Ar no doubt is the prefix of the toponym Ararat and it could also be the prefix of the Greek word Arkus, the Arctic as well as the Bears that arc around the point of the North star in the sky. The name 'Arch' in Armenian means 'Bear'. The Greek word arkus (bear) is cognate with the Armenian however Greek is an alphabet based language and the memory has faded regarding meaningful sibilants or syllabic speech sounds like *Ar. So it is very likely that Armenian Arch predates the Greek Arkus. Take the traditional name Arcturus is Latinised from the ancient Greek Ἀρκτοῦρος (Arktouros) and means "Guardian of the Bear", ultimately from ἄρκτος (arktos), "bear" and οὖρος (ouros), "watcher, guardian".The designation of Arcturus as α Boötis (Latinised to Alpha Boötis) was made by Johann Bayer in 1603.Arcturus is visible from both of Earth's hemispheres as it is located 19° north of the celestial equator. The star culminates at midnight on 27 April, and at 9 p.m. on June 10 being visible during the late northern spring or the southern autumn. Together with the bright stars Spica and Denebola (or Regulus, depending on the source), Arcturus is part of the Spring Triangle asterism. With Cor Caroli, these four stars form the Great Diamond asterism.
Because of its position about 40° off the ecliptic, the Plaides Helical rising is one of several types of risings and settings, mostly they are grouped into morning and evening risings and settings of objects in the sky. Most stars are single and separate from each other, but the Pleiades packs more than a handful into a compact bunch that stands apart from nearly everything else in the sky. The Pleiades is one of brightest star clusters in the sky. It contains some 3,000 stars and lies about 444 light-years from Earth.The heliacal rising of a star occurs annually, or the similar phenomenon of a planet, when it first becomes visible above the eastern horizon at dawn just before sunrise (thus becoming "the morning star") after a complete orbit of the Earth around the Sun.
Like for example, celestial objects, celestial events or astronomical phenomena are of vital interest to humans. Some examples of celestial events are the cycle of the Sun, cyclical phases of the Moon, solar and lunar eclipses, transits, occultations, planetary oppositions and conjunctions, meteor showers, and comet flybys, solstices and equinoxes and more.
In astronomy, an epoch or reference epoch is a periods or a 'moment' in time used as a reference point for some time-varying astronomical quantity. Astronomical data are often specified not only in their relation to an epoch or date of reference but also in their relations to other conditions of reference, such as coordinate systems specified by "equinox", or "equinox and equator", or "equinox and ecliptic." The Babylonian star catalogues name the Pleiades MULMUL (𒀯𒀯), meaning "stars" (literally "star star"), and they head the list of stars along the ecliptic, reflecting the fact that they were close to the point of vernal equinox around the 23rd century BC.
For some time now what is most commonly used in astronomy are celestial coordinate systems which are equatorial coordinates and ecliptic coordinates. These are defined relative to the (moving) vernal equinox position, which itself is determined by the orientations of the Earth's rotation axis and orbit around the Sun. Their orientations vary (though slowly, e.g. due to procession of the precession), and there is an infinity of such coordinate systems possible. The coordinate systems most used in astronomy need their own epoch or date-reference because the coordinate systems of that type are themselves in motion, e.g. by the precession of the Equinoxes. When Epoch verses Equinox, Astronomical data are often specified not only in their relation to an epoch or date of reference but also in their relations to other conditions of reference, such as coordinate systems specified by "equinox" or "equinox and equator", or "equinox and ecliptic".
The First Point of Aries, which I offer as the *Ar of Aries, also known as the Cusp of Aries, is today taken as the location of the vernal equinox (March equinox), used as a reference point in celestial coordinate systems. In diagrams using such coordinate systems, it is often indicated with the symbol ♈︎. This first point is one of the two points on the celestial sphere at which the celestial equator crosses the ecliptic, the other being the First Point of Libra, located exactly 180° from it. Along its yearly path through the zodiac, the Sun meets the celestial equator from south to north at the first point of Aries, and from north to south at the first point of Libra. The first point of Aries is considered to be the celestial "prime meridian" from which right ascension is calculated.
The prime meridian that separates east from west is like the cusp symbol ♈︎ (Armenian, սուր ծայր) is a point of transition between two different states. Like the dividing line between two very different things, as expressed by the symbol of Aries where a pointed end where two curves meet. Synonyms like brink or verge where there is a limit beyond which something happens or changes.
The first point of Aries is so called because, when Hipparchus defined it in 130 BCE, it was located in the western extreme of the constellation of Aries, near its border with Pisces and the star γ Arietis.
Haig like all legendary progenitors is a legendary or mythological figure held to be the common ancestor of a dynasty, people, tribe or ethnic group in the beginning of a group of 300. The ancestors of the Hay/Armenians were a social unit, a group of families or possibly one extended family, blood related group led forth by a noble patriarch, a hero with a principled motto of liberty or death, who through thick and thin succeeds in the narrative to lead all to victory with a backdrop of natural things, natural phenomena and positioned himself and his extended family at (Ground Zero) in a specific time and place in History with posterity the ultimate goal.
The noun Aryan relates to or denotes a peoples speaking Indo-European (or more specifically Indo-Iranian) languages, or an ancient peoples thought to have spoken Proto-Indo-European, the hypothetical language from which Indo-European languages are believed to derive. The name Aryan is derived from the Sanskrit (ārya) meaning "noble, superior, or high-born". So the obvious question if one needs to dig deeper into the meaning of Aryan would be how one can become noble, or get blue or noble blood? The answer is originally or traditionally it was granted upon a person or the family by a monarch or government. Membership to an existing nobility, which is normally hereditary was also possible. The ascent of commoners into nobility is not a common thing but has historically happened due to an acquisition of sufficient power, wealth, military prowess, or royal favor. Hayk
The first point of Aries is so called because, when Hipparchus defined it in 130 BCE, it was located in the western extreme of the constellation of Aries, near its border with Pisces and the star γ Arietis.
Due to the Sun's eastward movement across the sky throughout the year, this western end of Aries was the point at which the Sun entered the constellation, hence the name first point of Aries.
Due to Earth's axial precession, this point gradually moves westwards at a rate of about one degree every 72 years. This means that, since the time of Hipparchus, it has shifted across the sky by about 30°, and is currently located within Pisces, near its border with Aquarius. The Sun now appears in Aries from late April until mid-May, though the constellation is still associated with the beginning of the northern spring.The first point of Aries is important to the fields of astronomy, nautical navigation and astrology. Navigational ephemeris tables record the geographic position of the first point of Aries as the reference for position of navigational stars. Due to the slow precession of the equinoxes, the zenith view (above a location) of constellations at a time of year from a given location have slowly moved west (by using solar epochs the drift is known). The tropical Zodiac is similarly affected and no longer corresponds with the constellations (the Cusp of Libra today is located within Virgo). In sidereal astrology, by contrast, the first point of Aries remains aligned with the Aries constellation.
The First Point of Aries defines the ecliptic coordinate of (0°, 0°) and this point is on the celestial equator at both the left and right extremes of the sky chart below, with the ecliptic (the orange dotted sine curve) passing through it. Due to Earth's axial precession, this point gradually moves westwards at a rate of about one degree every 72 years. This means that, since the time of Hipparchus, it has shifted across the sky by about 30°, and is currently located within Pisces, near its border with Aquarius. The Sun now appears in Aries from late April until mid-May, though the constellation is still associated with the beginning of the northern spring.
Where would the first point of Aries be in the spring in the northern hemisphere approximately 4500 years ago. Would it be on the cusp between Taurus and Aries? Hamal an ancient equinox star could guide us for it was a significance in the history of astronomy.Hamal – also known as Alpha Arietis – shines as the brightest star in the constellation Aries the Ram. This star and two others – Sheratan and Mesarthim – make up the Head of the Ram. Aries is small. But the compact pattern of these three stars makes Aries relatively easy to find.
For if you could see the stars in daytime, you’d see the sun and Hamal in conjunction perfectly lined up with one another, due north and south in right ascension on or near the beginning of spring, possibly exactly at the March equinox. This is the Northern Hemisphere’s spring equinox, and it’s a time of renewal throughout the northern half of Earth. So of course this time of year had significance to our ancestors, who were very much aware of their connection to the land and sky. Today April 24 is the date of Hamal’s conjunction with the sun which is a little more than a month after the March equinox, which as we know always takes place on a fixed calendar around March 20. The cusp of Aries by the reckoning of the precession of the ecliptic be in the eastern end of the constellation of Aries in the second half of the third millennium B.C. Stationary Hamal's orientation just above the constellation of Aries with relation to the Earth's orbit around the Sun gives it a certain importance not apparent from its modest brightness, because between 2000 and 100 BCE, the apparent path of the Sun through the Earth's sky placed it in Aries at the northern vernal equinox, the point in time marking the start of spring in the Northern Hemisphere. Hamal is the reason why most astrology columns in modern newspapers begin with Aries. While the vernal equinox has moved to Pisces since then due to precession of the equinoxes, Hamal has remained in mind as a bright star near what was an important place when people first studied the night sky.
The first point of Aries is so called because, It is possible that some other astronomers before Hipparchus had also noticed the phenomenon, but it is Hipparchus who is credited with this discovery. It is a fact that in the year 2170 BCE the first point, the prime, the meridian, the cusp was at the extreme eastern end of the constellation of Aries, between Taurus and Aries. In diagrams using such coordinate systems, the cusp of Aries is often indicated with the symbol ♈︎.
Given our knowledge of the state of Babylonian astronomy at the time, it is not easy for us to say that they had marked this point clearly for all to share at the time. However for the phenomenon to have already been marked and established in the year 2170 BCE is a given. Given that Astronomy of the Armenian Highlands was as advanced if not more advanced during the third millennium, one can be sure that the awareness of where the Sun meets the celestial equator from south to north on its yearly path through the zodiac was known and marked also one can be sure that the location of Hamal was the star used for marking the begining of spring, the first point in time,a precise point to start of spring in the Northern Hemisphere. Hamal, designated Alpha Arietis (α Arietis, abbreviated Alpha Ari, α Ari), is the brightest star in the northern zodiacal constellation of Aries.
I posit that Hamal was the reference point in the celestial coordinate system in the year 2492 BCE that marks the year that the Hayk and the 300 walked out of Sumeria. The new prime meridian may have been anticipated by the astronomers in the Armenian Highlands as well as intellectual elite families who through their scribe authored of language and the destiny of the noble blood related families, hence referred to as the Hay. The brilliantly crafted legend of Haik the progenitor of the endonym Hay and his first born son *Ar.Manu.ik whos name carries forward as the exonym Armenian is what the hippies would say is mind-blowing if true. True I posit it is for the Hay which I will throw light on the meaning of in the next paragraph we are told were also anciently referred to as the *Ar-Manu *Ar-Meni or Egyptian *RMN for they, I believe, Hayk and the the 300 followers of Hayk had from day one adopted into their structured high language and woven it starting with the prime syllable *Ar, as the new 'given' the 'first,' of the new 'beginning.' This syllable,*Ar which at base in the Armenian language means 'take' for it is 'a given', is introduced in the narrative of the legend of Hayk, the progenitor of the Armenians, a mythological figure held to be the common ancestor of the dynasty, the people, the tribe or the ethnic group as the name of his first born child, his manug- (մանուկ a noun meaning Infant, little child, babe, boy, lad,). Thus Hayk's first born son is named Ar.menu.ik, which in effect places the first syllable *Ar, the name given to the new prime westernmost point of Aries, on the cyclic. The 'first given' from astronomy and the syllable chosen and given to the local population as the defining base verb meaning 'take', from the new lexicon of the new a priory language which is the beginning of a new strata that obviously took root and got assimilated by the existing 'mother tongue' spoken in the new territory near lake Van where Hayk builds his new home, having left the totalitarian tyranny of Babylon in the year 2492 BCE. Armenuik Hayk's first born, legend has it that he takes his family north through the pass of the twin mountains of Ararat to the foot of the four peaked range named Aragats which it is said tales its name from him. Aragats is most probably the location the Pharoh ATKENAPLAT is referring to when he recorded that the RMN told him that the place they called home was far north of the river Euphrates and there was where heaven rested on four pillars/mountains. Read my chapter on Aragats.
Haig like all legendary progenitors is a legendary or mythological figure held to be the common ancestor of a dynasty, people, tribe or ethnic group in the beginning of a group of 300. The ancestors of the Hay/Armenians were a social unit, a group of families or possibly one extended family, blood related group led forth by a noble patriarch, a hero with a principled motto of liberty or death, who through thick and thin succeeds in the narrative to lead all to victory with a backdrop of natural things, natural phenomena and positioned himself and his extended family at (Ground Zero) in a specific time and place in History with posterity the ultimate goal.
Over the years as I looked inward in an attempt to understand what it means to be a Hay or an Armenian, I realized that first and foremost I would have to come to understand exactly what is meant by the noun Hay and Armenian. That was not an easy task I had set myself I realized very early on, for it became apparent that through the mists of time or if you like through the dark ages of human existence over the last 4500 years, since the narrator of the legend of Haig and his son Armenik for the come to believe that the legend of Hayk is not only the origin of Hay Armenian astronomy, mythology and language. I believed that I can show that the old mythological stories handed down from antiquity were not random fictitious tales but were accurate depictions of celestial cosmology clothed in tales to aid their oral transmission and frame their time in space. Ancient myth of Hayk is the remains from a society that created a culture before the developed of writing.
Santillana and von Dechend state that ancient myths have no historical basis but a cosmological one based on a primitive form of astrology. They recognized the importance of the heliacally rising constellation as markers for the astrological ages and wrote that knowledge of this phenomenon had been known for thousands of years previously. They state that to understand ancient thinking it is necessary to understand astrology, not the modern sun-sign or horoscopic astrology, but the astrology of ancient times which was the lingua franca of ancient times. Gavin White also supports the mythological connection between precession of the equinoxes and some ancient star myths.
Even though we are not able to examine older material on the subject, our knowledge of the dawn of astrology and its relationship to ancient myths and star names is not limited, it extends back to about 2200 BC, the cusp of Taurus and Aries, which was during the Renaissance of Sumerian Culture. The ancient Mesopotamian's believed that history repeated itself after a massive cycle of many years. In Hamlet's Mill it is stated that the ancient Greeks knew of three successive destruction's that correlate to three ages, and that since the beginning of history the vernal point has moved through Taurus, Aries, and Pisces. Hesiod in Works and Days refers to five successive ages. White states that the stars and many constellations were first organized in upper Mesopotamia region in the 5th millennium BCE but many of these constellations had to be reorganized by the middle of the 3rd millennium BCE due to the shift in the heavens caused by precession of the equinoxes. Constellations had to be adjusted to better align with the seasons.
I believe that the Armenians, like the Orientalists were mainly concerned with astronomy and that their ancient founding myth is an astronomical record disguised in language.
Drummond believed that the 49th chapter of Genesis contains prophecies allied to astronomy and that the twelve tribes of Israel represented the 12 zodiacal signs. Drummond makes his case that at the time of Abraham, the Amorites first recorded the shift from the Age of Taurus to the Age of Aries as represented by the year commencing with the Ram (Aries) rather than the bull (Taurus). The Book of Joshua indicates that by the time of Moses the equinoxes had already shifted from Taurus to Aries as Moses had ordained that the civil year should commence with the month of Nisan (Aries) rather than the month of Taurus. The feast of the Passover is probably a celebration of the Age of Aries with the Paschal Lamb representative of Aries, traditionally associated with the symbol of the ram or sheep or a lamb.
Drummond believed that the 49th chapter of Genesis contains prophecies allied to astronomy and that the twelve tribes of Israel represented the 12 zodiacal signs. Drummond makes his case that at the time of Abraham, the Amorites first recorded the shift from the Age of Taurus to the Age of Aries as represented by the year commencing with the Ram (Aries) rather than the bull (Taurus). The Book of Joshua indicates that by the time of Moses the equinoxes had already shifted from Taurus to Aries as Moses had ordained that the civil year should commence with the month of Nisan (Aries) rather than the month of Taurus. The feast of the Passover is probably a celebration of the Age of Aries with the Paschal Lamb representative of Aries, traditionally associated with the symbol of the ram or sheep or a lamb.
The noun Aryan relates to or denotes a peoples speaking Indo-European (or more specifically Indo-Iranian) languages, or an ancient peoples thought to have spoken Proto-Indo-European, the hypothetical language from which Indo-European languages are believed to derive. The name Aryan is derived from the Sanskrit (ārya) meaning "noble, superior, or high-born". So the obvious question if one needs to dig deeper into the meaning of Aryan would be how one can become noble, or get blue or noble blood? The answer is originally or traditionally it was granted upon a person or the family by a monarch or government. Membership to an existing nobility, which is normally hereditary was also possible. The ascent of commoners into nobility is not a common thing but has historically happened due to an acquisition of sufficient power, wealth, military prowess, or royal favor. Hayk
Although the stem *arya may be of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) origin, its use as an ethno-cultural self-designation is only attested among Indo-Iranian peoples, and it is not known if PIE speakers had a term to designate themselves as 'Proto-Indo-Europeans'. To date the best that scholars have pointed out is that, probably in ancient times, being an Aryan was religious, cultural, and linguistic and they add "not racial."
In Armenian language the word Aryan 'արեն' means 'blood' and Aryan.a.giz 'արենակից' is an adjective meaning 'Of the same blood,' consanguineous, kindred. The word kindrid can be used for blood or as in "Kindred spirits which are like-minded and like-souled people with whom an instant connection of love and understanding is mutually experienced. Now Blood can be racially or ethnically specific. "the social group a person belongs to, and either identifies with or is identified with by others, as a result of a mix of cultural and other factors including language, diet, religion, ancestry and physical features traditionally associated with race." Sociologists are interested in the relationship between the institution of marriage and the institution of family because families are the most basic social unit upon which society is built, but also because marriage and family are linked to other social institutions such as the economy, government, and religion. So what is a family? A family is a group of people related by the ties of blood, marriage, or adoption. A Family is a socially recognized group (usually joined by blood, marriage, cohabitation, or adoption) that forms an emotional connection among its members and that serves as an economic unit of society. Sociologists identify different types of families based on how one enters into them. A family of orientation refers to the family into which a person is born. A family of procreation describes one that is formed through marriage. These distinctions have cultural significance related to issues of lineage.
Russian scientists Tamaz Gamkrelidze and Vyacheslav Ivanov were able to convincingly prove that the ancestral home of the Aryans-Indo-Europeans is the Armenian Highlands and the adjacent regions of Asia Minor and Mesopotamia. The conclusion on the basis of linguistic and historical research makes it possible to state with full certainty that the Armenian Highlands, Asia Minor, and Mesopotamia are the homeland of the Aryan tribes.
Could the homeland of the Aryan tribes be located in the highlands of the twin peaks of Mt. Ararat, could there be any truth to the biblical narrative that all modern mankind, those that survived the Great Flood came down from the Armenian Platau.
Masculinity, femininity and "ghenos" or lineage linked to legendary progenitors were fundamental concepts of family identity in the Armenian Highlands even before the Etruscan and Ancient Greek eras. The Greeks demonstrated the principles of family functionality in the mythological lives of Zeus, Hera, Hestia and Hermes. In Armenian mythology Hayk the Great or The Great Hayk, also known as Hayk Nahapet, is the legendary patriarch and founder of the Armenian nation. His story is told in the History of Armenia attributed to the Armenian historian Moses of Chorene (A.D.410 to 490). The expansion of family trees to include heroic or legendary ancestors was used to boost social status and amass personal wealth.
Could the homeland of the Aryan tribes be located in the highlands of the twin peaks of Mt. Ararat, could there be any truth to the biblical narrative that all modern mankind, those that survived the Great Flood came down from the Armenian Platau.
Masculinity, femininity and "ghenos" or lineage linked to legendary progenitors were fundamental concepts of family identity in the Armenian Highlands even before the Etruscan and Ancient Greek eras. The Greeks demonstrated the principles of family functionality in the mythological lives of Zeus, Hera, Hestia and Hermes. In Armenian mythology Hayk the Great or The Great Hayk, also known as Hayk Nahapet, is the legendary patriarch and founder of the Armenian nation. His story is told in the History of Armenia attributed to the Armenian historian Moses of Chorene (A.D.410 to 490). The expansion of family trees to include heroic or legendary ancestors was used to boost social status and amass personal wealth.
Peoples from all over the world have supposed themselves descended from various different eponymic or mythical progenitors. Like the Hay from Hayk, the Italians claimed ancestry from Italus, Lydians from Lydus, Phoenicians associated with Phoenix, Sicilians legendary progenitor was Siculus, Pelasgians revered Pelasgus, Dorians traced lineage to Dorus, Aeolians were linked to Aeolus and Hellenes looked up to Helen. Legendary progenitors also gave their names to places, Memphis was alleged to have been built by Menes and Ninevah by Ninus.
Very early on the place names in Armenia were given to or by legendary children or chieftans of the clan. In later times, place names in Britain were given the names of legendary chieftains or Anglo-Saxon Kings. These traditions are generally vague and obscure and the personages whose names are associated with these sites have often only a mythical, or, to speak technically, an eponymic existence."
Very early on the place names in Armenia were given to or by legendary children or chieftans of the clan. In later times, place names in Britain were given the names of legendary chieftains or Anglo-Saxon Kings. These traditions are generally vague and obscure and the personages whose names are associated with these sites have often only a mythical, or, to speak technically, an eponymic existence."
In the Middle East, Abraham (originally Abram) is regarded as the patriarch of the Arab people and Jewish people in the Bible and the Quran. In the Book of Genesis, he is blessed with this honour by the Author God, saying "Your name will be Abraham, for I have made you a father of many nations"
In the case of Hayk, the Author/Creator, Ararich in Armenian language tells the story saying "Your name will be Hayk, and your first born son Armeniak for I intend for you to be the progenitor of a nation"
In Indian Hinduism, the Rishis regarded Manu as the legendary ancestor of the Indian people in the Rig Veda. This tradition was carried forward in the Brahamanas, Puranas, Matsya Purana, Vishnu Purana and Aitareya Brahama. Brahma is also mentioned as the progenitor of Manu. It is my belief that the inspiration of the Author of the Armenian Epic/Myth/Tradition of Hayk was Indian, (Ram-Sin) brought west to Mesopotamia and the Armenian Highlands by minstrels around the beginning of the third millennium. In Tibet, they believe in a spiritual progenitor. Tibetan Buddhists believe their ancestors to be famous teachers or translators. They consider that single spiritual progenitors can incarnate in various different people simultaneously in different geographical locations. These progenitors are given names based on their qualities and physical locations. Example includes "Karma, Light of Knowledge.Some scholars agree with the idea that there once-existing single proto-Indo-European language. At the same time many are looking for the homeland of the Aryan tribes.
(A)Vedagir (Armenian: Վեդագիր, վեդա (Vedic), գիր (writing), Vedas), were preserved.
Armenians still call their homeland Avedyats Yerkir (First Vedic Country, i.e. the First Country of Inner Knowledge). In addition, the Armenian word avet means commandment while the Bible is commonly referred to as Avetaran in Armenian. In India, the Armenian (A)Ved(t)agir underwent partial changes – (A)Ved(t)a-gir → Gir-(A)Veda → Rig-Veda.
The Rigveda is a collection of (a)ved(t)s of the alien Aryan tribes. One of the key concepts of the Vedic philosophy, the yog, was derived from either the Armenian word goy (existent) or the distorted eak (being). Hence the Greek ego and the name of God in the ancient Aramaic, Jehovah (Eak ov a, anyone existent). Compare it with All(e)ah, All-embracing.
It seems that Aryan tribes indigenous ethnic groups, came together with a common language and agreement on the first cause on or about 2494 in Sumeria and migrated to the highlands of Armenia with the motto 'freedom or death". They were noble, they were Aristocrats, high ranking scribes, priests and at core against centralized authority, possibly the missing link between Proto-Indo-Iranian and Proto-Indo-European, very aware of and friendly with the Indus Valley languages and Culture.
***The constellation of the Hunter is of great antiquity. It was known to the Sumerians of Mesopotamia as Uru-anna or the Light of Heaven. It was identified with the great Sumerian hero Gilgamesh, who was seen as battling the Bull of Heaven, Gut-anna, which we see as the constellation of Taurus. The Babylonian star catalogues of the Late Bronze Age name Orion MULSIPA.ZI.AN.NA, “The Heavenly Shepherd” or “True Shepherd of Anu” – Anu being the chief god of the heavenly realms. Osiris was associated with the cycles observed in nature, in particular vegetation and the annual flooding of the Nile, through his links with Orion and Sirius at the start of the new year. The stars of Orion were associated with Osiris, who was a sun-god of rebirth and the afterlife, by the ancient Egyptians. Tishtrya is Tir in Middle- and Modern Persian. The archaic context in which Tishtrya appears shows that He is a divinity/concept of Indo-Iranian origin.The Armenian Ara the Beautiful, the god of spring, flora, agriculture, sowing and water, is associated with Osiris, Vishnu and Dionysus, as the symbol of new life. Aralez, or Ar-a-lez-ner, (plural) are the oldest gods in the Armenian pantheon, they are said to be dog-like creatures with the power to resuscitate fallen warriors and even resurrect the dead by licking their wounds.It seems that Aryan tribes indigenous ethnic groups, came together with a common language and agreement on the first cause on or about 2494 in Sumeria and migrated to the highlands of Armenia with the motto 'freedom or death". They were noble, they were Aristocrats, high ranking scribes, priests and at core against centralized authority, possibly the missing link between Proto-Indo-Iranian and Proto-Indo-European, very aware of and friendly with the Indus Valley languages and Culture.
Like the Armenian super-hero Hayk, Orion is the most splendid of constellations, befitting a character who was in legend the tallest and most handsome of men.
Hayk (Armenian: Հայկ) or Hayg, also known as Haik Nahapet (Հայկ Նահապետ, Hayk the Tribal Chief) is the legendary patriarch and founder of the Armenian nation. He was identified with the Sun-god Orion. His story is told in the History of Armenia attributed to the Armenian historian Moses of Chorene (410 to 490).
There is a strange and persistent story about the birth of Orion, designed to account for the early version of his name, Urion (even closer to the Sumerian original URU AN-NA). According to this story, there lived in Thebes an old farmer named Hyrieus. One day he offered hospitality to three passing strangers, who happened to be the gods Zeus, Neptune, and Hermes. After they had eaten, the visitors asked Hyrieus if he had any wishes. The old man confessed that he would have liked a son, and the three gods promised to fulfil his wish. Standing together around the hide of the ox they had just consumed, the gods urinated on it and told Hyrieus to bury the hide. From it in due course was born a boy whom Hyrieus named Urion after the mode of his conception. There is another very different story of the death of Orion that predates Zeus that holds that Orion was in fact betrothed to Artemis, but Apollo, the brother of Artemis was opposed to the wedding. Artemis like Orion but more specifically Hayk, was very proud of her skill as an archer. So one day Apollo challenged Artemis to put an arrow through a small dark object that could be seen far off in the distance bobbing above the waves of the sea. Artemis easily pierced the object with a single shot and was horrified that she had killed her husband-to-be Orion. Filled with grief, she placed him among the stars. The Armenian god Tir, or Tiur, god of wisdom, culture, science and studies, he also was an interpreter of dreams, was the messenger of the gods and was associated with Apollo. Tir’s temple was located near Artashat.Tishtrya (Tištrya) is the Avestan language name of an Zoroastrian benevolent divinity associated with life-bringing rainfall and fertility. Tishtrya is Tir in Middle- and Modern Persian. As has been judged from the archaic context in which Tishtrya appears in the texts of the Avesta, the divinity/concept is almost certainly of Indo-Iranian origin. During the Achaemenid period, Tishtrya was conflated with Semitic Nabu-Tiri, and thus came to be associated with the Dog Star, Sirius. All representative of the active and passive ‘Powers of Nature’.
Hayk (Armenian: Հայկ) or Hayg, also known as Haik Nahapet (Հայկ Նահապետ, Hayk the Tribal Chief) is the legendary patriarch and founder of the Armenian nation. He was identified with the Sun-god Orion. His story is told in the History of Armenia attributed to the Armenian historian Moses of Chorene (410 to 490).
There is a strange and persistent story about the birth of Orion, designed to account for the early version of his name, Urion (even closer to the Sumerian original URU AN-NA). According to this story, there lived in Thebes an old farmer named Hyrieus. One day he offered hospitality to three passing strangers, who happened to be the gods Zeus, Neptune, and Hermes. After they had eaten, the visitors asked Hyrieus if he had any wishes. The old man confessed that he would have liked a son, and the three gods promised to fulfil his wish. Standing together around the hide of the ox they had just consumed, the gods urinated on it and told Hyrieus to bury the hide. From it in due course was born a boy whom Hyrieus named Urion after the mode of his conception. There is another very different story of the death of Orion that predates Zeus that holds that Orion was in fact betrothed to Artemis, but Apollo, the brother of Artemis was opposed to the wedding. Artemis like Orion but more specifically Hayk, was very proud of her skill as an archer. So one day Apollo challenged Artemis to put an arrow through a small dark object that could be seen far off in the distance bobbing above the waves of the sea. Artemis easily pierced the object with a single shot and was horrified that she had killed her husband-to-be Orion. Filled with grief, she placed him among the stars. The Armenian god Tir, or Tiur, god of wisdom, culture, science and studies, he also was an interpreter of dreams, was the messenger of the gods and was associated with Apollo. Tir’s temple was located near Artashat.Tishtrya (Tištrya) is the Avestan language name of an Zoroastrian benevolent divinity associated with life-bringing rainfall and fertility. Tishtrya is Tir in Middle- and Modern Persian. As has been judged from the archaic context in which Tishtrya appears in the texts of the Avesta, the divinity/concept is almost certainly of Indo-Iranian origin. During the Achaemenid period, Tishtrya was conflated with Semitic Nabu-Tiri, and thus came to be associated with the Dog Star, Sirius. All representative of the active and passive ‘Powers of Nature’.
The *Ar syllable could have been Armenian in origin and Proto-Indo-European.
Uru-anna, the light of the skies. *Ur is the root of the name which is obviously interchangeable with the root *Or and *Ar. The Greek prefix Ari in Aristos and English Aristocracy mean the best the highest the noblest of all and the Sanskrit word Arya which offers us the word Aryan translates to mean the high ranking and noble, as in of noble blood, blue blood. The Spanish word Ariete means battering ram reminding us of Aries the Ram and the word Arimez a protrusion a projection all keeping in with the Armenin root word prefix *Ar- the Archetype Orion the Aryan.The Armenians identified their legendary patriarch and founder Hayk with Orion. Hayk is also the name of the Orion constellation in the Armenian translation of the Bible. The Bible mentions Orion three times, in Job 9:9 ("He is the maker of the Bear and Orion"), Job 38:31 ("Can you loosen Orion's belt?"), and Amos 5:8 ("He who made the Pleiades and Orion"). The name Orion in the Bible is "Kesil", most probably derives from the Hebrew root K-S-L which generates words for positiveness, hope.
In ancient Aram, the constellation was known as Nephîlā′, the Nephilim are said to be Orion's descendants. The Nephilim (/ˈnɛfɪˌlɪm/; Hebrew: נְפִילִים Nəfīlīm) are mysterious beings or people in the Hebrew Bible who are described as being large and strong. The word Nephilim is loosely translated as giants in most translations of the Hebrew Bible, but left untranslated in others.In old Hungarian tradition, Orion is known as "Archer"
Armenian syllable Ar is a base root concept that is associated with the Armenian speech/language, the etymological of this root syllable is not yet clearly understood within circles studying roots and origins of PIE. This syllable is very prolific and makes its appearance in all ancient PIE languages. If there is an origin to PIE languages, then I have no doubt that at the very beginning of the creative process *Ar was there and it signifies a beginning. *Ar no doubt is the prefix of the toponym Ararat and it could also be the prefix of the Greek word Arkus, the Arctic as well as the Bears that arc around the point of the North star in the sky. The name 'Arch' in Armenian means 'Bear'. The Greek word arkus (bear) is cognate with the Armenian however Greek is an alphabet based language and the memory has faded regarding meaningful sibilants or syllabic speech sounds like *Ar. So it is very likely that Armenian Arch predates the Greek Arkus. Take the traditional name Arcturus is Latinised from the ancient Greek Ἀρκτοῦρος (Arktouros) and means "Guardian of the Bear", ultimately from ἄρκτος (arktos), "bear" and οὖρος (ouros), "watcher, guardian".The designation of Arcturus as α Boötis (Latinised to Alpha Boötis) was made by Johann Bayer in 1603.
Constellations containing stars that rise and set were incorporated into early calendars or zodiacs. The Sumerians, Babylonians, Egyptians, and Greeks all used the heliacal risings of various stars for the timing of agricultural activities. To divert Orion from his amorous pursuit, Atlas put Taurus the Bull in the way.
The rising of the Pleiades heralded the start of the Ancient Greek sailing season, using celestial navigation, as well as the farming season (attested by Hesiod in his Works and Days). The Seven Sisters star cluster in the spring also sky signified when setting in the autumn the end of the season. What is the significance of a heliacal rising is the fact that only certain stars rise and flash into existence in the predawn glow of the horizon. Because these helical risings were so specific, just one day, they were used by many different ancient civilizations to mark specific events such as the planting time. Culmination in the evening and then morning is set apart by half a year, while on the other hand risings and settings in the evenings and the mornings are only at the equator set apart by half a year. From our earliest texts onwardj, we find classical authors referring to the time of year by
means of the rising and setting of various stars and constellations. Hesiod encourages us to
begin the harvest at the rising of the Pleiades, and to plough at their setting;
Because of its position about 40° off the ecliptic, the Plaides Helical rising is one of several types of risings and settings, mostly they are grouped into morning and evening risings and settings of objects in the sky. Most stars are single and separate from each other, but the Pleiades packs more than a handful into a compact bunch that stands apart from nearly everything else in the sky. The Pleiades is one of brightest star clusters in the sky. It contains some 3,000 stars and lies about 444 light-years from Earth.The heliacal rising of a star occurs annually, or the similar phenomenon of a planet, when it first becomes visible above the eastern horizon at dawn just before sunrise (thus becoming "the morning star") after a complete orbit of the Earth around the Sun.
In Theosophy, it is believed the Seven Stars of the Pleiades focus the spiritual energy of the Seven Rays from the Galactic Logos to the Seven Stars of the Great Bear, then to Sirius, then to the Sun, then to the god of Earth (Sanat Kumara) and finally through the seven Masters of the Seven Rays to us.
One astronomical tradition associates Arcturus with the mythology around Arcas, who was about to shoot and kill his own mother Callisto who had been transformed into a bear. Zeus averted their imminent tragic fate by transforming the boy into the constellation Boötes, called Arctophylax "bear guardian" by the Greeks, and his mother into Ursa Major (Greek: Arctos "the bear"). The account is given in Hyginus's Astronomy. In Greek mythology, Arcas (/ˈɑːrkəs/; Ancient Greek: Ἀρκάς) was a hunter who became king of Arcadia. He was remembered for having taught people the arts of weaving and baking bread and for spreading agriculture to Arcadia.
One astronomical tradition associates Arcturus with the mythology around Arcas, who was about to shoot and kill his own mother Callisto who had been transformed into a bear. Zeus averted their imminent tragic fate by transforming the boy into the constellation Boötes, called Arctophylax "bear guardian" by the Greeks, and his mother into Ursa Major (Greek: Arctos "the bear"). The account is given in Hyginus's Astronomy. In Greek mythology, Arcas (/ˈɑːrkəs/; Ancient Greek: Ἀρκάς) was a hunter who became king of Arcadia. He was remembered for having taught people the arts of weaving and baking bread and for spreading agriculture to Arcadia.
Starting from about 2600 to 2400 BC, the time that Armenian Legend places the origin of the Armenians, (2492 BCE) a large set of logographic signs had been simplified into a logosyllabic script comprising several hundred signs. Rosengarten (1967) lists 468 signs used in Sumerian (pre-Sargonian) Lagesh. The pre-Sargonian period of the 26th to 24th centuries BC is the "Classical Sumerian" stage of the language. During the Ur III period (21st century BC), Sumerian was written in already highly abstract cuneiform glyphs directly succeeded by Old Assyrian cuneiform.
Abstract numerals, dissociated from the thing being counted, were invented about 3100 BC.The things being counted were indicated by pictographs carved with a sharp stylus next to round-stylus numerals. About 2100 BC in Sumer, these proto-sexagesimal sign-value systems gradually converged on a common sexagesimal number system that was a place-value system consisting of only two impressed marks, the vertical wedge and the chevron, which could also represent fractions. This sexagesimal number system was fully developed at the beginning of the Old Babylonian (about 2000 BC) and became standard in Babylonia.
The Sumerians had a complex assortment of incompatible number systems, and each city had its own local way of writing numerals. For instance, at about 3100 BC in the city of Uruk, there were more than a dozen different numeric systems. In this city, there were separate number systems for counting discrete objects (such as animals, tools, and containers), cheese and grain products, volumes of grain (including fractions), beer ingredients, weights, land areas, and time and calendar units.The base 60 system survives in our time-measuring system of 60 seconds to a minute and 60 minutes to an hour. It also survives in angle measurement and in navigational systems that measure longitude and latitude: 60 seconds equal one minute of arc, 60 minutes equal one degree of arc, and 360 degrees of arc equal an entire circle.The base 60 system began with the Sumerians in Mesopotamia around 3000 B.C. A rational explanation for using 60 as a base is that 60 can be divided evenly by 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, which simplifies most computations.
Zero is often equated with "nothing," but that is not a good analogy. Zero can be the absence of a quality, but it can also be a starting point, such as 0° on a temperature scale.
Abstract numerals, dissociated from the thing being counted, were invented about 3100 BC.The things being counted were indicated by pictographs carved with a sharp stylus next to round-stylus numerals. About 2100 BC in Sumer, these proto-sexagesimal sign-value systems gradually converged on a common sexagesimal number system that was a place-value system consisting of only two impressed marks, the vertical wedge and the chevron, which could also represent fractions. This sexagesimal number system was fully developed at the beginning of the Old Babylonian (about 2000 BC) and became standard in Babylonia.
The Sumerians had a complex assortment of incompatible number systems, and each city had its own local way of writing numerals. For instance, at about 3100 BC in the city of Uruk, there were more than a dozen different numeric systems. In this city, there were separate number systems for counting discrete objects (such as animals, tools, and containers), cheese and grain products, volumes of grain (including fractions), beer ingredients, weights, land areas, and time and calendar units.The base 60 system survives in our time-measuring system of 60 seconds to a minute and 60 minutes to an hour. It also survives in angle measurement and in navigational systems that measure longitude and latitude: 60 seconds equal one minute of arc, 60 minutes equal one degree of arc, and 360 degrees of arc equal an entire circle.The base 60 system began with the Sumerians in Mesopotamia around 3000 B.C. A rational explanation for using 60 as a base is that 60 can be divided evenly by 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, which simplifies most computations.
The Vishap is a totem of the Armenian Highland, a spirit being, a sacred object, or symbol that serves as an emblem of a group of people, such as a family, clan, lineage, or tribe. The term totem is not important for the concept has been adapted, and at times redefined, by anthropologists and philosophers of different cultures. All race had, in ancient times, gone through a totemistic stage.
Zero is often equated with "nothing," but that is not a good analogy. Zero can be the absence of a quality, but it can also be a starting point, such as 0° on a temperature scale.
In the Hindi-Arabic numeration system, zero is used as a placeholder as well as a number.
The symbol for zero does not appear before about A.D. 800, when it appears in connection with Hindu-Arabic base-10 numerals. In these numerals it functions as a place holder. The Mayans also used a zero in writing their base-20 numerals. It was a symbol which looked something like an eye, and it acted as a place holder.
Time/Clock Arithmetic. In this arithmetic 3 is three hours past 12; 3 + 7 is 10 hours past 12; and 3 + 12 is 15 hours past 12. But on a clock, every 12 hours the hands return to their original position; so 15 hours past 12 is the same as three hours past 12. For any a, a + 12 = a. [In number-theory symbolism this would be written a + 12 intergral a (mod 12).] So in clock arithmetic, 12 behaves like 0 in ordinary arithmetic.
It also multiplies like 0. Twelve 3-hour periods equal 36 hours, which the hands show as 12. Twelve periods of a hours each leave the hands at 12 for any a (a is limited to whole numbers in clock arithmetic), so 12 × a = 12.
Thus, in clock arithmetic 12 does n0t look like zero, but it behaves like zero. It could be called 0, and on a digital 24-hour clock, where the number 24 behaves like 0, 24 is called 0. The next number after 23:59:59 is 0:0:0.
A PLACEHOLDER In linguistics is an element either within a word or a sentence that is required by syntactic constraints and carries little or no semantic information. In mathematics is a significant zero in the decimal representation of a number.
The symbol for zero does not appear before about A.D. 800, when it appears in connection with Hindu-Arabic base-10 numerals. In these numerals it functions as a place holder. The Mayans also used a zero in writing their base-20 numerals. It was a symbol which looked something like an eye, and it acted as a place holder.
Time/Clock Arithmetic. In this arithmetic 3 is three hours past 12; 3 + 7 is 10 hours past 12; and 3 + 12 is 15 hours past 12. But on a clock, every 12 hours the hands return to their original position; so 15 hours past 12 is the same as three hours past 12. For any a, a + 12 = a. [In number-theory symbolism this would be written a + 12 intergral a (mod 12).] So in clock arithmetic, 12 behaves like 0 in ordinary arithmetic.
It also multiplies like 0. Twelve 3-hour periods equal 36 hours, which the hands show as 12. Twelve periods of a hours each leave the hands at 12 for any a (a is limited to whole numbers in clock arithmetic), so 12 × a = 12.
Thus, in clock arithmetic 12 does n0t look like zero, but it behaves like zero. It could be called 0, and on a digital 24-hour clock, where the number 24 behaves like 0, 24 is called 0. The next number after 23:59:59 is 0:0:0.
A PLACEHOLDER In linguistics is an element either within a word or a sentence that is required by syntactic constraints and carries little or no semantic information. In mathematics is a significant zero in the decimal representation of a number.
The Time/Place Particle, 에, is used for any words related to time and place. The 에 particle phrase is usually placed at the beginning of a sentence after a subject.
Time marker change in language, If you want to transform direct speech into reported speech, you have to change all pronouns. Pronouns are words like I, you, he, she, it, my, your, their and so on.
Starting from Greek Harmonia "agreement, concord of sounds," also as a proper name, the personification of music, literally "means of joining," used of ship-planks, etc., also "settled government, order," related to harmos "fastenings of a door; joint, shoulder," from PIE ar(ə)-smo-, suffixed form of root
*ar- "to fit together.also arə-, Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to fit together."
It forms all or part of: adorn; alarm; aristarchy; aristo-; aristocracy; arm (n.1) "upper limb of the body;" arm (n.2) "weapon;" armada; armadillo; armament; armature; armilla; armistice; armoire; armor; armory; army; art (n.) "skill as a result of learning or practice;" arthralgia; arthritis; arthro-; arthropod; arthroscopy; article; articulate; artifact; artifice; artisan; artist; coordination; disarm; gendarme; harmony; inert; inertia; inordinate; ordain; order; ordinal; ordinance; ordinary; ordinate; ordnance; ornament; ornate; primordial; subordinate; suborn.
It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Sanskrit irmah "arm," rtih "manner, mode;" Armenian arnam "make," armukn "elbow;" Greek arti "just," artios "complete, suitable," artizein "to prepare," arthron "a joint;" Latin ars (stem art-) "art, skill, craft," armus "shoulder," artus "joint," arma "weapons;" Old Prussian irmo "arm;" German art "manner, mode."
A calendar era is the period of time elapsed since one epoch of a calendar and, if it exists, before the next one. For example, it is the year 2022 as per the Gregorian calendar, which numbers its years in the Western Christian era (the Coptic Orthodox and Ethiopian Orthodox churches have their own Christian eras).
Hayk obviously cherished and wanted to nurture the ideals of brotherly love, truthfulness, chastity and loyalty as described in the Epic uniquely symbolized in the spirit of deified Rama who is the single visible embodiment of the Indian ethos. Rama’s self-sacrifice, piety, righteousness, and valor has enthralled not only Indians but many other cultures and individuals for ages. The fact that some of the recent greatest humans like Mahatma Gandhi, Swami Vivekananda drew inspiration from Rama is for me testimony of his primacy in Indian and international culture from the time of its conception.
IN LINGUISTICS A paradigm is a pattern, a pattern or model, a set of linguistic items that form mutually exclusive choices in particular syntactic roles. A paragon is a thing regarded as a perfect example of a particular quality or a sound, syllable, phoneme ore word viewed as a model of perfection. A prototype is a first or preliminary version of a device or vehicle, like a word, a syllable, phoneme or sound from which other forms are developed. An archetype in Jungian theory of mind is a primitive mental image inherited like for example, a word, sound, phoneme a syllable or an alphabet from an earlier or the earliest human ancestor, which is still present in the collective unconscious. A matrix is the cultural, social, political or linguistic environment in which something develops. A mass of fine-grained rock in which gems, crystals, or fossils are embedded or a chessboard where the pieces are imbedded. A stereotype is a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing.
*ar- "to fit together.also arə-, Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to fit together."
It forms all or part of: adorn; alarm; aristarchy; aristo-; aristocracy; arm (n.1) "upper limb of the body;" arm (n.2) "weapon;" armada; armadillo; armament; armature; armilla; armistice; armoire; armor; armory; army; art (n.) "skill as a result of learning or practice;" arthralgia; arthritis; arthro-; arthropod; arthroscopy; article; articulate; artifact; artifice; artisan; artist; coordination; disarm; gendarme; harmony; inert; inertia; inordinate; ordain; order; ordinal; ordinance; ordinary; ordinate; ordnance; ornament; ornate; primordial; subordinate; suborn.
It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Sanskrit irmah "arm," rtih "manner, mode;" Armenian arnam "make," armukn "elbow;" Greek arti "just," artios "complete, suitable," artizein "to prepare," arthron "a joint;" Latin ars (stem art-) "art, skill, craft," armus "shoulder," artus "joint," arma "weapons;" Old Prussian irmo "arm;" German art "manner, mode."
Historical Eras and Chronology
This monolog is my response to the philosophical question, what underlies the origin of our myths and the Proto-Indo European language.
A GREAT MYTH TO START OFF WITH COULD BE THE END OF THE BULL OF HEAVEN.The earliest recorded historical astronomical events only date back to around 2900 BCE. Scholars today think that Sumer was first inhabited by people called the Ubaidians sometime between 4500 and 4000 BCE. The location bordering along the Persian Gulf was named the city of Eridu. Eridu is regarded the first city in the world. Three main producers of food ( fishermen, husbandmen semi nomadic shepherds and the Ubaidian farmers, flood agriculturalists) They appear integrated under the banner of the bull of heaven and their geographical position in time and space. In ancient Mesopotamian mythology, very probably from the outset of the project say 5000 BCE the Bull of Heaven was the first mover, ground zero on the astronomical calendar, the mythical beast that guided the community until that is the time 2500 odd years later when the hero Gilgamesh fought and killed or demonstrated that the potency of the bull of heaven had passed and the time had arrived when the husbandman and relife rain agriculturalist had come. Wikipedia informs us that the story of the Bull of Heaven has two different versions: one recorded in an earlier Sumerian poem and a later version in the standard Akkadian Epic of Gilgamesh. In the early Sumerian poem, the Bull is sent to attack Gilgamesh by the goddess Inanna for reasons that are obvious, Gilgamesh is obviosly refusaing to follow the dsictates of the old order/calendar. The more complete Akkadian account comes from Tablet VI of the Epic of Gilgamesh, in which Gilgamesh is the cause for he rejects the sexual advances of the old traditional goddess Ishtar, the East Semitic equivalent of Inanna, leading the enraged Ishtar to ask her father Anu for the Bull of Heaven, so that she may send it to attack Gilgamesh in Uruk. Anu gives her the Bull and she sends it to attack Gilgamesh and his companion, the hero Enkidu, who now slay the Bull together.
After defeating the Bull, Enkidu hurls the Bull's right thigh at Ishtar,( right thigh represents the potency of bull) taunting her. The slaying of the Bull results in the 'old gods' condemning Enkidu to death, an event which catalyzes Gilgamesh's fear for his own death, which drives the remaining portion of the epic.
There is no doubt that the Bull was identified with the constellation Taurus and the myth of its slaying obviously held astronomical/calendrical significance to the ancient Mesopotamians. The times they were a changing, for it was obvious to any astronomer who looked up that the sun was no longer rising in Taurus as it had done in the previous 2500 years. Aspects of this story have been compared to later tales from the ancient Near East, including legends from Ugarit, the tale of Joseph in the Book of Genesis, and parts of the ancient Greek epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey as one would expect for it was obvious the old calendar could not be trusted any longer and a new age and new gods had to be adopted to keep in sync with reality. Over the last 30 years I have searched for the point where language, myth and science join. It has been clear to me for a long time that the origins of myth and language/speech had their deep roots in a science, more specifically in the abstracted sciences of Mathematics, Phonetics and Astronomy. In Tablet VI of the standard Akkadian Epic of Gilgamesh, after Gilgamesh rebuffs her sexual advances, Ishtar goes to Heaven, where she complains to her mother Antu and her father Anu. She demands that Anu give her the Bull of Heaven and threatens that, if he refuses, she will smash the gates of the Underworld and raise the dead to eat the living. Now the following part of the epic tell us that Inanna did not get the support she wished for the wise were fearful there would be a drought if they ignored the poteny back the Anu at first objects to Ishtar's demand, insisting that the Bull of Heaven is so destructive that its release would result in seven years of famine. Ishtar declares that she has stored up enough grain for all people and all animals for the next seven years. Eventually, Anu reluctantly agrees to give it to Ishtar, whereupon she unleashes it on the world, causing mass destruction.The proof that the worshipers of the Bull of Heaven did not submit is demonstrated by the Six-headed Wild Ram (from Sumerian šeg-saĝ-6: ram with six heads). This in Sumerian religion was one of the Heroes slain by Ninurta, patron god of Lagash, in ancient Iraq. Its body was hung on the dust-guard of Ninurta's chariot. A great clue that points to another location supporting an actual place, is in tablet nine of the standard version of the Epic of Gilgamesh, where Gilgamesh travels to the garden of the gods through a Cedar Forest and in the depths of Mashu.
Mashu is the name of the mountain. When Gilgamesh arrives at the mountains of Mashu, which "every day keeps watch over the rising and setting of the sun, whose peaks reach as high as the banks of heaven and whose breasts reach down to the netherworld, where the scorpion-people keep watch at its gate. Here I wish to point out that I believe the words 'depths of Mashu,' should read at the 'base of Mashu' for Bohl has highlighted the fact to us that the word Mashu in Sumerian means "twins". As does Massis in Armenian. The name Masis/Mashu, is the most ancient name of the twin mountains.A Hymn to Enlil praises the leader of the Sumerian pantheon in the following terms: You founded it in the Dur-an-ki, in the middle of the four quarters of the earth. Its soil is the life of the Land, and the life of all the foreign countries. Its brickwork is red gold, its foundation is lapis lazuli. You made it glisten on high.
The myth of Enki and Ninhursag also describes the Sumerian paradise as a garden, which Enki obtains water from Utu to irrigate.Next comes the Ram in the Thicket ,The Ram in a Thicket is a pair of figures excavated at Ur, in southern Iraq, which date from about 2500–2400 BC. Some see the ram as a male goat, the goat which is the sign of Damuzi. Sir Leonard Woolley named the figure the 'Ram in a Thicket' after the passage in Genesis 22 v.13, where God orders the Biblical Patriarch Abraham to sacrifice his son Isaac, but, at the last moment an angel stops him and reveals a ram caught in a thicket by its horns, which Abraham sacrifices instead.The grave where it was found containing the remains of 74 people, most of them bejewelled women. Damuzi is the deity associated with the changing seasons and the cycle of the sun a 'life and death' drama. The ram's head and legs are layered in gold leaf which had been hammered against the wood and stuck to it with a thin wash of bitumen, while its ears are copper which are now green with verdigris. The horns and the fleece on its shoulders are of lapis lazuli, and the body's fleece is made of shell, attached to a thicker coat of bitumen. The figure's genitals are gold, while its belly was silver plate, now oxidised beyond restoration. The tree is also covered in gold leaf with gold flowers. Dilmun merchants could be the missing link who came from India to Mesopotamia and on to the Armenian Highlands.What can be inferred is that Indian Ramayana had created in the least a bridge between the three locations.
Rammanu ("Thunderer") cognate with Aramaic: רעמא Raˁmā and Hebrew: רַעַם Raˁam, which became a byname of Hadad the Bull God. Rammanu was formerly taken by many scholars to be an independent god which only later became identified with Hadad. Rammon originated in northern Mesopotamia and his symbolic animal was the Ram/Fish.The bull was the symbolic animal of Hadad a thunder god of a bygone age. Hadad appeared bearded, often holding a club and thunderbolt while wearing a bull-horned headdress. In Sanchuniathon's account, it is Sky who first fights against Pontus ("Sea"). Then Sky allies himself with Hadad. Hadad takes over the conflict but is defeated. Sanchuniathon's Hadad is son of Sky by a concubine who is then given to the god Dagonwhile she is pregnant by Sky. This appears to be an attempt to combine two accounts of Hadad's parentage, one of which is the Ugaritic tradition that Hadad was son of Dagon. The cognate Akkadian god Adad is also often called the son of Anu ("Sky"). The corresponding Hittite god Teshub is likewise son of Anu (after a fashion).According to The Urantia Book, published in 1955, Rimmon was a small city in the region of Galilee which "had once been dedicated to the worship of a Babylonian god of the air, Ramman". For some Ain-Rimmon could suggest "the essence of the pomegranate" Rimmon was a Syrian cult image and temple, mentioned only in 2 Kings 5:18 & Zechariah 14:10; in the Hebrew Bible. In Syria this deity was also known as “Baal” or Lord, (“the Lord” par excellence), in Assyria he was known as “Ramanu” (“the Thunderer”).The Rock of Rimmon, where the Benjamites fled (Judges 20:45, 47; 21:13), and where they maintained themselves for four months after the battle at Gibeah. It is the present village of Rammun, "on the very edge of the hill country, with a precipitous descent toward the Jordan valley", supposed to be the site of Ai.The concept of a Garden of the gods or a divine paradise might be of Armenian as much as it might be of Sumerian origin. The concept of this Garden, this home of the immortals was 'handed down' to the Babylonians, who conquered Sumeria, and brought together the Sumerian/Akkadian city states around 2333 B.C.
Ancient Mesopotamian terracotta relief (c. 2250 — 1900 BC) showing Gilgamesh slaying the Bull of Heaven,an episode described in Tablet VI of the Epic of Gilgamesh[2][3]
After defeating the Bull, Enkidu hurls the Bull's right thigh at Ishtar,( right thigh represents the potency of bull) taunting her. The slaying of the Bull results in the 'old gods' condemning Enkidu to death, an event which catalyzes Gilgamesh's fear for his own death, which drives the remaining portion of the epic.
There is no doubt that the Bull was identified with the constellation Taurus and the myth of its slaying obviously held astronomical/calendrical significance to the ancient Mesopotamians. The times they were a changing, for it was obvious to any astronomer who looked up that the sun was no longer rising in Taurus as it had done in the previous 2500 years. Aspects of this story have been compared to later tales from the ancient Near East, including legends from Ugarit, the tale of Joseph in the Book of Genesis, and parts of the ancient Greek epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey as one would expect for it was obvious the old calendar could not be trusted any longer and a new age and new gods had to be adopted to keep in sync with reality. Over the last 30 years I have searched for the point where language, myth and science join. It has been clear to me for a long time that the origins of myth and language/speech had their deep roots in a science, more specifically in the abstracted sciences of Mathematics, Phonetics and Astronomy.
The myth of Enki and Ninhursag also describes the Sumerian paradise as a garden, which Enki obtains water from Utu to irrigate.
A calendar era is the period of time elapsed since one epoch of a calendar and, if it exists, before the next one. For example, it is the year 2022 as per the Gregorian calendar, which numbers its years in the Western Christian era (the Coptic Orthodox and Ethiopian Orthodox churches have their own Christian eras).
In antiquity, regnal years were counted from the accession of a monarch. This makes the chronology of the ancient Near East very difficult to reconstruct, based on disparate and scattered king lists, such as the Sumerian King List and the Babylonian Canon of Kings. In East Asia, reckoning by era names chosen by ruling monarchs ceased in the 20th century except for Japan, where they are still used.
Precession of equinoxes, the changing position of the vernal equinox over the course of about 25,800 years. The yellow line is a section of the ecliptic, the apparent path the Sun appears to follow over the course of an Earth year. The purple line is the celestial equator, the projection of Earth's equator onto the celestial sphere. The point (red) where these two lines cross is the vernal equinox. In 1500 BCE, it was near the end of Aries; in 500 BCE, it was near the beginning of Aries; and in 1000 to 2500 CE Pisces.
India in the second millennium B.C. Early allusions to a lunisolar calendar with intercalated months are found in the hymns from the Rig Veda, dating from the second millennium B.C. Literature from 1300 B.C. to A.D. 300, provides information of a more specific nature.A five-year lunisolar calendar coordinated solar years with synodic and sidereal lunar months.
The solar year (365 days 5 hours 48 minutes 46 seconds), also called tropical year, or year of the seasons, is the time between two successive occurrences of the vernal equinox (the moment when the Sun apparently crosses the celestial equator moving north).
Astronomers use +1 to designate A.D. 1. Then +1 is naturally preceded by year 0, which is preceded by year -1. The placing of the beginning of the epoch of Hayk at 2492 BCE the author has defined ground zero in time and space for us. By doing so the author of the Myth has given us a great challenge. A rough count of how many years have passed from that particular moment in time and space gives us 4500 years. This fixing of a beginning of a person's life or a beginning of a period in a persons lifetime in history of someone or something is unusual and a difficult thing to achieve with any accuracy even if the author is an astronomer which by the way we are told Hayk or someone in his company of 300 must have been. To successfully maintain a consistent chronology, it is vital that this initial beginning, this epoch be associated with another historical or legendary event, or person. This the author of the legend of Hayk has done by associating Hayk with Nimrod. To travel in sync with 'reality' we must now make sure we are tied to another sequence of recorded historical events. Given the initial epoch, one should if possible consider a preceding time or date to the year 2492 BCE.
The solar year (365 days 5 hours 48 minutes 46 seconds), also called tropical year, or year of the seasons, is the time between two successive occurrences of the vernal equinox (the moment when the Sun apparently crosses the celestial equator moving north).
A calendar is a system of organizing units of time for the purpose of reckoning time over extended periods. Calendars that replicate astronomical cycles according to fixed rules, based on abstract, perpetually repeating cycles end up with no astronomical significance. The calendars that are regulated by regular astronomical observations, that carefully enumerate every unit, will not contain ambiguities and discontinuities. Calendars are codified in written laws but there are those that are transmitted by oral tradition.
Calendars have provided the basis for planning agriculture, animal husbandry, hunting, and migration cycles, for divination and prognostication, not forgetting, for maintaining cycles of religious and civil events. Whatever their scientific sophistication, calendars must ultimately be judged as social contracts, not as scientific treatises.
The common theme of calendar making is the desire to organize units of time to satisfy the needs and preoccupations of society. In addition to serving practical purposes, the process of organization provides a sense, however illusory, of understanding and controlling time itself. Thus calendars serve as a link between mankind and the cosmos. Calendars have held a sacred status when they have served as a source of social order and cultural identity.
The principal astronomical cycles of the year are based on the revolution of the Earth around the Sun. The complexity of calendars arises because these cycles of revolution do not comprise an integral number of days, and because astronomical cycles are neither constant nor perfectly commensurable with each other.
Counting of years from an initial epoch is the most successful way of maintaining a consistent chronology. Whether this epoch is associated with an historical or legendary event, it must be tied to a sequence of recorded historical events.
The Armenian calendar is based on an invariant year length of 365 days. Because a solar day is about 365.25 days and not 365 days, the correspondence between it and both the solar year and the Julian calendar slowly drift over time, shifting across a year of the Julian calendar once in 1,461 calendar years (see Sothic cycle). Thus, the Armenian year 1461 (Gregorian & Julian 2011) completed the first Sothic cycle, and the Armenian Calendar was one year off.
In A.D. 352, tables compiled by Andreas of Byzantium were introduced in Armenia to determine the religious holidays. When those tables exhausted on 11 July 552 (Julian Calendar), the Armenian calendar was introduced.
Year 1 of the Armenian calendar began on 11 July 552 of the Julian calendar. Armenian year 1462 (the first year of the second cycle) began on 11 July 2012 of the Julian calendar (24 July 2012 of the Gregorian calendar).
An analytical expression of the Armenian date includes the ancient names of days of the week, Christian names of the days of the week, days of the month, Date/Month/Year number after 552 A.D., and the religious feasts.
The Armenian calendar is divided into 12 months of 30 days each, plus an additional (epagomenal) five days, called aweleacʿ ("superfluous").
Years are usually given in Armenian numerals; which are letters of the Armenian alphabet preceded by the abbreviation ԹՎ for t’vin, meaning "in the year." For example, ԹՎ ՌՆԾԵ, which means "the year 1455."
Could it be that Hayk like Arjuna was a close disciple of Krishna for the name Arjuna translates to blood in the Armenian language. Nobody could match the love that Arjuna had for Krishna killing even ones own brother or grandfather just at the instruction of the higher self his master. This is not something that anybody could do but Hayk like Arjuna did it when he shot the arrow like Krishna said and killed the king of Babylon, for as Krishna said "This is war – and this war is not between you and your family – this war is between the RIGHT and the WRONG – and so SHOOT ARJUNA – just SHOOT your arrow and defeat and kill all those who are STANDING AGAINST THE TRUTH – the DHARMA!” and Arjuna like Hayk shoots.
Hayk obviously cherished and wanted to nurture the ideals of brotherly love, truthfulness, chastity and loyalty as described in the Epic uniquely symbolized in the spirit of deified Rama who is the single visible embodiment of the Indian ethos. Rama’s self-sacrifice, piety, righteousness, and valor has enthralled not only Indians but many other cultures and individuals for ages. The fact that some of the recent greatest humans like Mahatma Gandhi, Swami Vivekananda drew inspiration from Rama is for me testimony of his primacy in Indian and international culture from the time of its conception. Hindu-ism like the Armenian-ism have their origins in the preliterate age and generally deny the sanctification of rigid written codes, yet the Bhagavad-Gita and the Ramayana are the closest equivalents of Hindu scriptures. Myths are an integral parts of all great cultures and literature, but clearly without a historical kernel neither Hayk or Rama would have ever become a world classic.Rama and Hayk belong to the world even though they are circumscribed within a single country or sectarian creed their influence a part of humanity with their Epic. Rama we know was popular in Iran, Central Asia, Burma, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Cambodia, China, Japan and even the Philippines. Not just my opinion, the noted British Sanskritist, J. L. Brockington terms the Ramayana a classic of world literature.
Rama and Hayk belong to the world even though they are circumscribed within a single country or sectarian creed their influence a part of humanity with their Epic. Rama we know was popular in Iran, Central Asia, Burma, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Cambodia, China, Japan and even the Philippines. Not just my opinion, the noted British Sanskritist, J. L. Brockington terms the Ramayana a classic of world literature.
Mean time interval between equinoxes
The word "tropical" comes from the Greek tropikos meaning "turn". Thus, the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn mark the extreme north and south latitudes where the Sun can appear directly overhead, and where it appears to "turn" in its annual seasonal motion. Because of this connection between the tropics and the seasonal cycle of the apparent position of the Sun, the word "tropical" also lent its name to the "tropical year". The early Hindus, Greeks, and others made approximate measures of the tropical year.One true definition of the tropical year would be the time required for the Sun, beginning at a chosen ecliptic longitude, to make one complete cycle of the seasons and return to the same ecliptic longitude. There are two important planes in solar system calculations: the plane of the ecliptic (the Earth's orbit around the Sun), and the plane of the celestial equator (the Earth's equator projected into space). These two planes intersect in a line. One direction points to the so-called vernal, northward, or March equinox which is given the symbol ♈︎, this symbol looks like the horns of a ram but originally represented the cusp between Taurus and the plowman/worker which over time - (because of the precession of the equinoxes change, as compared to the direction of distant stars and galaxies, whose directions have no measurable motion due to their great distance) - became known as the horns of the Ram, the constellation Aries).
Sidereal systems of astrology define the signs relative to the apparent backwards movement of fixed stars of about 1 degree every 72 years from the perspective of the Earth, tropical systems define 0 degrees of Aries to coincide with the vernal point or vernal equinox (also known as the March equinox in the Northern hemisphere), and define the rest of the zodiac from this point.
If a different or an incorect starting longitude for the Sun is chosen than 0° (i.e. ♈︎), then the duration for the Sun to return to the same longitude will be different. The equinox moves with respect to the perihelion (and both move with respect to the fixed sidereal frame). From one equinox passage to the next, or from one solstice passage to the next, the Sun completes not quite a full elliptic orbit. The time saved depends on where it starts in the orbit. If the starting point is close to the perihelion (such as the December solstice), then the speed is higher than average, and the apparent Sun saves little time for not having to cover a full circle: the "tropical year" is comparatively long. If the starting point is near aphelion, then the speed is lower and the time saved for not having to run the same small arc that the equinox has precessed is longer: that tropical year is comparatively short.
The "mean tropical year" is based on the mean sun, and is not exactly equal to any of the times taken to go from an equinox to the next or from a solstice to the next.
The following values of time intervals between equinoxes and solstices were provided by Meeus and Savoie for the years 0 and 2000. These are smoothed values which take account of the Earth's orbit being elliptical, using well-known procedures (including solving Kepler's equation). They do not take into account periodic variations due to factors such as the gravitational force of the orbiting Moon and gravitational forces from the other planets. Such perturbations are minor compared to the positional difference resulting from the orbit being elliptical rather than circular.Sidereal astrology not astronomy maintains the alignment between signs and constellations via corrective systems known as ayanamsas (Sanskrit: 'ayana' "movement" + 'aṃśa' "component"), to allow for the observed precession of equinoxes, whereas tropical astrology ignores precession. There are various systems of Ayanamsa that are in use in Hindu astrology (also known as Vedic astrology) such as the Raman Ayanamsa and the Krishnamurthy Ayanamsa. The use of ayanamsa to account for the precession of equinoxes is believed to have been defined in Vedic texts at least 2,500 years before the Greek astronomer Hipparchus quantified the precession of equinoxes in 127 B.C.The Raman ayanamsa is calculated with constant precession rate 50.333333333"/year doesn't use any modern precession theory. The use of Raman ayanamsa to account for the precession of equinoxes is believed to have been defined in Vedic texts at least 2,500 years before the Greek astronomer Hipparchus quantified the precession of equinoxes in 127 B.C.According to current Indian astrology the zodiac still begins with Aries and the lunar mansion Aśvinī. In ancient times, approximately from 2500 BC on, the vernal equinox was located in this lunar motion. In astronomical and astrological texts of Late Antiquity, the lunar mansion Aśvinī (and Aries) became the starting point of the ecliptic the reason being that the vernal equinox by that time had moved on into this lunar mansion. The equinoxes and solstices were placed at the beginnings of Aries, Cancer, Libra, and Capricorn.
According to the “Laws of Manu”, people who earn their living through astrology are to be considered impure and are not allowed to attend Vedic rituals. I only wish to add that at no time do I confuse the Astronomy/Astrometry with Astrology.
While sidereal systems of astrology define the signs relative to the apparent backwards movement of fixed stars of about 1 degree every 72 years from the perspective of the Earth, tropical systems define 0 degrees of Aries to coincide with the vernal point or vernal equinox (also known as the March equinox in the Northern hemisphere), and define the rest of the zodiac from this point.
The oldest text of Greek-inspired Indian astrology fixes the cardinal points of the year at the beginnings of the signs of Aries, Cancer, Libra, and Capricorn and has the sun traverse all signs within 365,2303 days. This year length is closer to the tropical (365.2422) than the sidereal year (365.2564) and was most probably determined by observation of the solstices and equinoxes. Astronomically, the sidereal Aries point has nothing special about it. Ancient Indian astronomy, believed that these points in the sky were extremely prominent in that they played an important part in the history of the universe. For, at the end of every great age or yugam, it was believed, all planets would come together and align to this sidpoint and form an exact conjunction.
First Point of Aries is the point on the celestial equator at extremes of this sky chart. The ecliptic also passes through it. The First Point of Aries defines the ecliptic coordinate of 0 degrees longitude (or right ascension) and 0 degrees latitude (or declination). This coincided with the festival of Hilaria, a time of optimism and beginnings where farmers began to sow or observed the first growth and blossoming of trees and summer crops. The Hilaria (/hɪˈlɑːriə/; Latin "the cheerful ones", a term derived from the borrowed adjective Ancient Greek: ἱλαρός, or ElAros suggests in Greek the "cheerful, merry" for it was a time for celebration. The day was celebrated in ancient Roman religious festivals on the March equinox to honor Cybele. Maximus the Confessor thought it the day on which a person married, and on which a son was born, they were days set for the appointing a new emperor.The naming of the constallation as Aries is late in the Babylonian zodiac where the equinox was in its earliest tradition marked as in the early Middle Bronze Age by actual coincidence with the Pleiades. The time also corresponds to the time of castration of male calves, mules and donkeys, Sanguia on the vernal equinox and marked the start of spring proper.The calends or kalends (Latin: kalendae) is the first day of every month in the Roman calendar. The English word "calendar" is derived from this word.The Romans called the first day of every month the calends, signifying the start of a new lunar phase. It is very interesting that the Latin term is traditionally written with initial K: as in the first point of Aries which marks or defines the ecliptic coordinate of 0 degrees longitude (or right ascension) and 0 degrees latitude (or declination). This is a relic of traditional Latin orthography, which wrote K (instead of C or Q) before the vowel A. Q also is a mark upon a cycle the ecliptic which defines the cusp between Aries and Pisces.
The idea that circa 2500 BCE there existed at some cultural location a sophisticated knowledge of positional astronomy is pure speculation and without any supportive evidence. However investigators have been convinced that their method(s) of analysis of Aratus' poem Phainomena enables them to identify that all the classical Greek constellations were designed as a set at one definite period in time and in one location, according to a preconceived plan. Also argued for was the early origin of the zodiacal constellations (circa 2500-3000 BCE) and a sophisticated positional astronomy of the constellation makers.
The choice of starting position from which to measure the Sun's motion across celestial sphere is arbitrary. The equinoxes are preferred as an equinox marks the point in time when the Sun has neither northern nor southern declination but is crossing the celestial equator.
The Old Farmer's Almanac regularly features a "planting by the signs" section.Agricultural astrology is one of the oldest forms of astrology. It was probably one of the first use humans made of lunar cycles. Evidence of its practice dates back thousands of years to the ancient peoples of the Nile and Euphrates River valleys. Farmers of these civilizations planted by the Moon's phase and its sign in the zodiac. Although agricultural astrology is primarily used as a guide for growing crops, it also has been applied to the practice of animal husbandry. For example, agricultural astrology encourages poultry farmers to set up their chicken's eggs to hatch when it is a new moon and in a "fruitful" sign. It claims that chicks hatched during this time grow faster and produce more offspring. Animal husbandry is the branch of agriculture concerned with animals that are raised for meat, fibre, milk, or other products. It includes day-to-day care, selective breeding and the raising of livestock. Husbandry has a long history, starting with the Neolithic revolution when animals were first domesticated, from around 13,000 BC onwards, predating farming of the first crops. By the time of early civilisations such as ancient Egypt, cattle, sheep, goats and pigs were being raised on farms.Agricultural and horticultural astronomy/astrology, can be said to be like electional astrology for the Garden of Edan. Giving advise for scheduling the planting, cultivating and harvesting of crops based on moon phases and on sun based astrological signs. Agricultural astronomy/astrology would refer to the "planting by the signs" because of its reliance on the astronomical calendar hopefully giving accurate times for planting, cultivating and harvesting. Sheep (Ovis aries) are domesticated, ruminant mammals typically kept as livestock.The etymology of the verb to husband, meaning "to manage carefully," derives from an older meaning of husband, which in the 14th century referred to the ownership and care of a household or farm, but today means the "control or judicious use of resources," and in agriculture, the cultivation of plants or animals. Farmers and ranchers who raise livestock are considered to practice animal husbandry. It is believed that selective breeding for woolly sheep began around 6000 BCE, with efforts to obtain white-fleeced sheep beginning in Mesopotamia around 3000 BC. Being a key animal in the history of farming, sheep have a deeply entrenched place in human culture, and find representation in much modern language and symbology. As livestock, sheep are most often associated with pastoral, Arcadian imagery. Sheep figure in many mythologies—such as the Golden Fleece—and major religions, especially the Abrahamic traditions. In both ancient and modern religious ritual, sheep are used as sacrificial animals. The rearing of sheep for secondary products, and the resulting breed development, began in either southwest Asia or western Europe. Initially, sheep were kept solely for meat, milk and skins. Archaeological evidence from statuary found at sites in Iran suggests that selection for woolly sheep may have begun around 6000 BC and the earliest woven wool garments have been dated to two to three thousand years later.By the beginning of the Bronze Age 2300 BCE) sheep with characteristics similar to the modern breeds were widespread throughout Western Asia. The Armenian mouflon (Ovis gmelini gmelini) is an endangered subspecies of mouflon endemic to Iran, Armenia, and Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan). It’s thought that Mouflon Sheep (Ovis orientalis orientalis) are one of two sheep breeds which are an ancestor for all domestic sheep. Alternative names include Armenian sheep, Armenian wild sheep, Armenian red sheep, and Trans-Caucasian sheep.Traditionally, animal husbandry was part of the subsistence farmer's way of life, producing not only the food needed by the family but also the fuel, fertiliser, clothing, transport and draught power. Domestication was not a single event, but a process repeated at various periods in different places. Sheep and goats were the animals that first accompanied the nomads in the Middle East. Killing the animal for food was a secondary consideration, and wherever possible its products such as wool, eggs, milk were harvested and the animal was kept well and alive. The breeding of farm animals seldom occurs spontaneously but is managed by farmers with a view to encouraging traits seen as desirable. These include hardiness, fertility, docility, mothering abilities, fast growth rates, low feed consumption per unit of growth, better body proportions, higher yields, and better fibre qualities. Undesirable traits such as health defects and aggressiveness are selected against. Seasonal breeding readiness is strongly regulated by length of day (photoperiod) and thus season. Photoperiod likely affects the seasonal breeder through changes in melatonin secretion by the pineal gland that ultimately alter GnRH release by the hypothalamus.
During the rut (known as the rutting period and in domestic sheep management as tupping), males often rub their antlers or horns on trees or shrubs, fight with each other, wallow in mud or dust, self-anoint and herd estrus females together. These displays make the male conspicuous and aids in mate selection.The rut in many species is triggered by shorter day lengths. For different species, the timing of the rut depends on the length of the gestation period (pregnancy), usually occurring so the young are born in the spring. This is shortly after new green growth has appeared thereby providing food for the females, allowing them to provide milk for the young, and when the temperatures are warm enough to reduce the risk of young becoming hypothermic.
Hence, seasonal breeders can be divided into groups based on fertility period. "Long day" breeders cycle when days get longer (spring) and are in anestrus in fall and winter.The rut (n.2) "periodically recurring sexual excitement in animals; animal mating season" from Old French rut, ruit, from Late Latin rugitum (nominative rugitus) "a bellowing, a roaring," from past participle of Latin rugire "to roar" "to bellow" (from PIE imitative root *reu-).
The rate of precession accepted today is about 50" per year or 1° in 72 years.Abstract: The possible discovery, by ancient astronomers, of the slow drift in the stellar configurations due to what we understand and call the processional movement of the earth’s axis has been proposed several times and, in particular, has been considered as the fundamental key in the interpretation of myths by Ugo de Santillana and Ertha Von Dechend. Finding clear proofs that this discovery actually occurred would, therefore, be of relevant importance in a wide inter-disciplinary area of sciences which includes both social-historical and archaeo-astronomical research. In the present paper the possible discovery of astronomical effects induced by precession. Early cultures identified celestial objects with gods and spirits.They related these objects (and their movements) to phenomena such as rain, drought, seasons, and tides. It is generally believed that the first astronomers were priests, and that they understood celestial objects and events to be manifestations of the divine, hence early astronomy's connection to what is now called astrology.The stars viewed from Earth are seen to proceed from east to west daily, due to the Earth's diurnal motion, and yearly, due to the Earth's revolution around the Sun. At the same time the stars can be observed to anticipate slightly such motion, at the rate of approximately 50 arc seconds per year, a phenomenon known as the "precession of the equinoxes".Our knowledge of Sumerian astronomy is indirect, via the earliest Babylonian star catalogues dating from about 1200 BC. The fact that many star names appear in Sumerian suggests a continuity reaching into the Early Bronze Age. Astral theology, which gave planetary gods an important role in Mesopotamian mythology and religion, began with the Sumerians. They also used a sexagesimal (base 60) place-value number system, which simplified the task of recording very large and very small numbers. The modern practice of dividing a circle into 360 degrees, or an hour into 60 minutes, began with the Sumerians. For more information, see the articles on Babylonian numerals and mathematics.
Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences, dating back to antiquity, with its origins in the religious, mythological, cosmological, calendrical, and astrological beliefs and practices of prehistory: vestiges of these are still found in astrology, a discipline long interwoven with public and governmental astronomy. Astronomy in the Indian subcontinent dates back to the period of Indus Valley Civilization during 3rd millennium BCE, when it was used to create calendars.[23] As the Indus Valley civilization did not leave behind written documents, the oldest extant Indian astronomical text is the Vedanga Jyotisha, dating from the Vedic period.
Astrological beliefs in correspondences between celestial observations and terrestrial events have influenced various aspects of human history, including world-views, language and many elements of social culture.
Among West Eurasian peoples, the earliest evidence for astrology dates from the 3rd millennium BC, with roots in calendrical systems used to predict seasonal shifts and to interpret celestial cycles as signs of divine communications.[1] Until the 17th century, astrology was considered a scholarly tradition, and it helpe
Kinematics is a subfield of physics, developed in classical mechanics, that describes the motion of points, bodies (objects), and systems of bodies (groups of objects) without considering the forces that cause them to move. Kinematics, as a field of study, is often referred to as the "geometry of motion" and is occasionally seen as a branch of mathematics.
Under the heading Proto-Armenian Language Wikipedia offers the world the following:
Proto-Armenian is the earlier, unattested stage of the Armenian language which has been reconstructed by linguists. As Armenian is the only known language of its branch of the Indo-European languages, the comparative method cannot be used to reconstruct its earlier stages. Instead, a combination of internal and external reconstruction, by reconstructions of Proto-Indo-European and other branches, has allowed linguists to piece together the earlier history of Armenian.
Proto-Armenian, as the ancestor of only one living language, has no clear definition of the term. It is generally held to include a variety of ancestral stages of Armenian between Proto-Indo-European and the earliest attestations of Classical Armenian.
The earliest testimony of Armenian is the 5th-century Bible translation of Mesrop Mashtots. The earlier history of the language is unclear and the subject of much speculation. It is clear that Armenian is an Indo-European language, but its development is opaque.
In any case, Armenian has many layers of loanwords and shows traces of long language contact with Anatolian languages such as Luwian and Hittite, Mitanni, Hurro-Urartian languages, Semitic languages such as Akkadian and Aramaic, and Iranian languages such as Persian and Parthian. Armenian also has been influenced to a lesser extent by Greek and Arabic.
It is thus not a proto-language in the strict sense, but "Proto-Armenian" is a term that has become common in the field.The phonological development of Proto-Armenian sound changes are varied and eccentric and, in many cases, uncertain. That prevented Armenian from being immediately recognized as an Indo-European branch in its own right, and it was assumed to be simply a very divergent Iranian language until Heinrich Hübschmann established its independent character in 1874.
The development of voicing contrasts in Armenian is notable in being quite similar to that seen in Germanic, a fact that was significant in the formation of Glottalic Theory. The Armenian Consonant Shift has often been compared to the famous Grimm's Law in Germanic, because in both cases, Proto-Indo-European voiceless stops became voiceless aspirates, the voiced stops became voiceless, and the voiced aspirates became voiced stops.
Recent findings in Armenian genetics reveal heavy mixing of groups from the 3000s BC until the Bronze Age collapse. Admixture signals seem to have decreased to insignificant levels after c. 1200 BC, after which Armenian DNA remained stable, which appears to have been caused by Armenians' isolation from their surroundings, and subsequently sustained by the cultural/linguistic/religious distinctiveness that persists until today. Some modern studies show that Armenian is as close to Indo-Iranian as it is to Greek and Phrygian.
An recent alternate theory which rings true to me, suggests that speakers of Proto-Armenian were tribes indigenous to the northern Armenian highlands, such as the Hayasans, Diauehi or Etiuni. Although these groups are only known only from references left by neighboring peoples (such as Hittites, Urartians, and Assyrians), Armenian etymologies have been proposed for their names. While the Urartian language was used by the royal elite, the population they ruled was likely multi-lingual, and some of these peoples would have spoken Armenian. This can be reconciled with the Phrygian/Mushki theory if those groups originally came from the Caucasus region or Armenian Highlands
Meanwhile, Armenian shares the vocalization of word initial laryngeals before consonants with Greek and Phrygian: Proto-Indo-European *h₂nḗr ("man", "force") renders Greek anḗr, Armenian ayr from a Proto-Armenian *aynr and Phrygian anar ("man"), which may be compared to Latin Nero, Albanian njeri, Persian nar, Sanskrit nara, and Welsh nerth.
In certain contexts, the aspirated stops are further reduced to w, h or zero in Armenian: Proto-Indo-European (accusative) *pódm̥ "foot" > Armenian otn vs. Greek (accusative) póda, Proto-Indo-European *tréyes "three" > Armenian erekʿ vs. Greek treis.
German archeologist Heinrich Schliemann, who is known for his excavations of ancient Troy, wrote in his diary shortly before his death, “The whole European culture considers itself the heir to the Ancient Greek and Roman civilizations, not realizing that both of them, in their turn, originate from the ancient Armenian civilization.”
The mythology of ancient Armenia is a rich blend of indigenous traditions strong on natural phenomena, with many imported ideas from neighbouring cultures and migrating peoples over the millennia. The Armenian legends and stories, historical events such as wars invasions commemorated, also provide key information regarding attitudes and aspirations that help us understand the characteristic spirit of the culture, or community as manifested as well as chronological information regarding the era and the nation's origins.
The Armenian language dates to the early period of Indo-European differentiation and dispersion to some 5000 years ago. Trade and conquest forced the language to change, adding new words into the people's oral vocabulary. Ancient orally transmitted Literature and more recent written works appeared in Armenian late in the 4th century. The written language of that time, called classical Armenian or Grabar, remained the Armenian literary language, with few changes, until now.The fact that Armenia became a Christian country in 301 AD. when they did not have a written alphabet nor a bible in the popular common language of their people is a phenomenon worth considering. The people spoke Armenian, but there was no written Armenian language for the masses who learned to read other languages. Originally only the very few people of Armenia that were classically trained could read, the available Greek, Farsi (Persian), or Latin.
So the question on most minds is how. How do a people without a written tradition of their own know anything, how did the people of Armenia without their own Alphabet learn about the new Church and the Christian religion. Armenia is proof as to why one must not rely on the written word, why one can not only rely on the written scriptures. It was through oral traditions that went back 3000 years that the Armenians had a claim on being a highly civilized group, a high culture.
The Christian Liturgy was chanted, with a great many responses from the congregation. It was a very participatory event. The people heard the Gospel chanted, the words of Institution chanted and the homily chanted. It is a simple fact that we can remember chanting easier than after reading something, especially if one is not familiar with the depth of the philosophical metaphysical language. Chanting allows you to remember better what was said and one can meditate on the meaning better when one can remember it.
Even though the most recent Armenian hypothesis would postulate the Armenian language as an in situ development of a 3rd millennium BC Proto-Indo-European language, its origin is still subject to scholarly debate.
In the light of the ongoing debate regarding the oral origin of the Armenian language and the fact that the comparative method of the etymologists cannot be used to reconstruct its earlier stages. I will be bringing to light in the following monolog the result of my research based on a combination of internal and external reconstruction of key Armenian words that have to date not been deciphered, like for example the words Hay, Hayk, Hayr and Ar, Ara Armenian. One hopes that these reconstructions will throw enough light on the Armenian subject and help linguists and other scientists to piece together the earlier history of the Armenian.To avoid the classic confusion that the etymology of the written word can bring to the fore, I will start with the eponym of the progenitor Haik and the Exonym Armenian and follow with toponym Mount Aragats of the Armenian Highlands. All these names are unique and we know that they have survived for approximately 4500 years. I will show that ancient Armenian eponyms and toponyms, have a phylosophycal/metaphysical/natural scientific foundation and, all of them testify to a unique Armenian-centric a priori origin.
Since the franca lingua of Armenia was cuniform I have searched as have others the possibility of a Sumerian origin to Armenian. Scientists are unable to agree on the origin of the Sumerians from where Hayk the progenitor of the Armenians came from, nor do they agree on the origin of the Sumerian cuneiform which the Armenians used for two millennia. For that matter they cannot come to an agreement about where either the Armenian or the Sumerian civilizations came from and what the Sumerians were alluding to in their legends when they referred to their origins. All said what they do agree on is the fact that Armenian civilization was and is one of the first on the Earth and that the Armenian orally transmitted culture and language is one of the oldest among the existing. Sumerian is considered a language isolate, with no proven connection to any other language.Sumerian like Armenian is considered a language isolate, with some proven connections to other languages. The Sumerians obviously had an influence on the Armenians but the linguistic association comes through Urartian which itself was influenced by the Mesopotamian Semitic, Akkadian languages which themselves were strongly influenced by original Sumerian. The Armenian Highlands used to be the home to the Urartian language, which we know was spoken around Lake Van between the 9th and 6th centuries BC. Ancient Armenian speakers seem to have coexisted with Urartian speakers for some time, and Urartian loanwords can be found in Armenian so the question is whether they both relate to an earlier source if not each other. There is a list of about 10 words only on Wiktionary that seem cognate to Sumerian.All the data, including the very name of Sumer and Armenia is perceived by contemporaries indirectly through the Akkadian language. However where there is agreement in that the Sumerians of Mesopotamia came from some mountainous country, by sea, and their gods lived on a planet named Nibiru, referred to as the 12th planet in the System, which passes its perihelion (the point of least distance to the Sun) every 3600 years, or is it to be read as 360 days. I bring this up for when I give the reader a fix on the meaning of the word Armenian its relevance will be clear. Also relevant is the name of the Sumerians as translated from Akkadian to blackheads and the name of their origin Nibiru which is translated as 'cross,' or 'intersection'
When searching for an alternative early influence outside Sumerian for Armenian one does not have much to choose from. The early date of oral proto Armenian suggests only an origin of another oral tradition and only Hindi, the early oral tradition of Sanskrit stands out and alone as the only probability. On the surface, we find some very tantalizing similarities between Armenian and Hindi. For example, with the names of numerals we find that both in Armenian and Hindi, the number 'ten' is "tas" and more telling a thousand, is "hazar". There are other similarities, like between eight: "Ut" Armenian and "At" Hindi and four "chors" with a 'ch' prefix in Armenian and the same 'ch' for "char" in Hindi. The question is whether there is a direct link between Armenian and oral Sanskrit and how far back it goes and how it may have been transmitted. Very interesting is the Armenian word arakil for stork an ancient symbol of Armenia which in Middle Armenian is րաքիլ (rakʿil) which refers to a bird that has migrated from India.
OVER TIME THE ORAL & ANCIENT MYTHS WHICH WOVE TOGETHER SUCH DIVERSE CULTURAL THREADS WERE RECORDED IN TEXTS & PERPETUATED ORALLY BY LYRE-PLAYING BARDS (gusan) which were, in turn, preserved by even later writers. For example, a portion of an ancient poem recorded by the 5th-century CE historian Movses Khorenatsi describes the birth of the sun god Vahagn (who had replaced Shivini) from a reed in the sea. Unfortunately, despite the best efforts of writers in Late Antiquity, without extended textual evidence from ancient Armenia itself and only an impoverished archaeological record, much of Armenian myth and religion still remains unknown or unexplained. There are small figurines from Urartian sites which are of uncertain significance, for example, of winged females, bird-men, scorpion-men and fish-men. As these hybrid creatures were frequently painted on storeroom interior walls, the most outstanding of these hybrid figures are the vishaps , but to date we have no knowledge as to their meaning and purpose. Below, then, are summaries of the most important ancient Armenian myths we know of today.
The two Sanskrit epics Ramayana and Mahabharata I posit wandering singing holy men, (Yogis),(Bauls) brought to the highlands of Armenia and Sumeria from India that inspired the ancient authors of the area to write the epics like the one of Hayk who became the progenitor of the Armenian nation. The ektara is a drone lute consisting of a gourd resonator covered with skin, through which a bamboo neck is inserted. It is still used in parts of India and Nepal today by Yogis and wandering holy men to accompany their singing and prayers. In Nepal, the instrument still accompanies the singing of the Ramayana and Mahabharata.The most important moral influence of these epics was the importance of virtue, in the life of a citizen and in the ideals of the formation of a state or of a functioning society. The genre of the two epics also includes teachings on the goals of human life. It depicts the duties of relationships, portraying ideal characters like the ideal father, the ideal servant, the ideal brother, the ideal husband, and the ideal king. Both the Mahabharata, and Ramayana present the teachings of ancient Hindu sages in the narrative allegory, interspersing philosophical and ethical elements. Astronomically, the narrative of the Ramayana took place during a period of time known as Treta Yuga in 5301 BC. Attempts to date the events using methods of archaeoastronomy have produced, depending on which passages are chosen and how they are interpreted, estimates ranging from the late 4th to the mid-2nd millennium BCE.In 2005, the Baul tradition was included in the list of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO
Kinematics is a subfield of physics, developed in classical mechanics, that describes the motion of points, bodies (objects), and systems of bodies (groups of objects) without considering the forces that cause them to move.
Astrometry is a branch of astronomy that involves precise measurements of the positions and movements of stars and other celestial bodies. It provides the kinematics and physical origin of the Solar System and our galaxy, the Milky Way. Hipparchus, around 190 BC used the catalogue of his predecessors Timocharis and Aristillus to measure more accurately or rediscover the already known or discovered fact of the Earth's precession. In doing so, he also developed the brightness scale still in use today.
Rāmāyana (/rɑːˈmɑːjənə/; Sanskrit: रामायणम्, IAST: Rāmāyaṇam pronounced [raːˈmaːjɐɳɐm]) is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India and important text of Hinduism, the other being the Mahābhārata. The Mahābhārata (/məhɑːˈbɑːrətə/; Sanskrit: महाभारतम्, Mahābhāratam, pronounced [mɐɦaːˈbʱaːrɐt̪ɐm]) is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India, the other being the Rāmāyaṇa. It contains philosophical and devotional material, such as a discussion of the four "goals of life"
Bauls are a group of mystic minstrels of mixed elements of Sufism and Vaishnavism from the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura and Assam's Barak Valley. Bauls are a very heterogeneous group, with many sects, but their membership now mainly consists of Vaishnava Hindus and Sufi Muslims. Bauls constitute both a syncretic religious sect and a musical tradition. The origin of the word Baul is debated but suggested that it may be derived either from Sanskrit word vātula, which means "enlightened, lashed by the wind to the point of losing one's sanity, god's madcap, detached from the world, and seeker of truth", or from vyākula, which means "restless, agitated" and both of these derivations are consistent with the modern sense of the word, which denotes the inspired people with an ecstatic eagerness for a spiritual life, where a person can realise his union with the eternal beloved – the Moner Manush (the person of the heart).
Dr. Jeanne Openshaw writes that the music of the Bauls appears to have been passed down entirely in oral form until the end of the 19th century, when it was first transcribed by outside observers.Their religion is based on an expression of the body (deho sādhana), and an expression of the mind (mana sādhana). Some of their rituals are kept hidden from outsiders, as they might be thought to be repulsive or hedonistic. Bauls concentrate much of their mystic energies on the four body fluids, on the nine-doors (openings of the body), on prakṛti as "nature" or "primal motive force", and on breath sādhana.Their lyrics intertwine a deep sense of mysticism, a longing for oneness with the divine. An important part of their philosophy is "Deha tatta", a spirituality related to the body rather than the mind. They seek the divinity in human beings. Metaphysical topics are dwelt upon humbly and in simple words. They stress remaining unattached and unconsumed by the pleasures of life even while enjoying them. To them we are all a gift of divine power and the body is a temple, music being the path to connect to that power. A consistent part of Bauls' lyrics deals with body-centered practices that aim at controlling sexual desire. The esoteric knowledge of conception and contraception is revealed in the lyrics of the songs through an enigmatic language that needs
to be decoded by the guru in order to be understood and experienced.
Arimanius (Greek: Αρειμάνιος; Latin: Arīmanius) is a name for an obscure deity
Aryaman (Sanskrit: अर्यमन्, pronounced as "aryaman"; nominative singular is aryama) is one of the early Vedic Hindu deities.[1] His name signifies "Life-Partner", "close friend", "Partner", "play-fellow" or "companion".
AHRIMAN is Middle Persian, Ahrimanor Angra Mainyu (/ˈæŋrə ˈmaɪnjuː/; Avestan: Aŋra Mainiiu) is the same in the Avestan-language name of Zoroastrianism's hypostasis of the "destructive/evil spirit" and the main adversary in Zoroastrianism either of the Spenta Mainyu, the "holy/creative spirits/mentality", or directly of Ahura Mazda, the highest deity of Zoroastrianism.
Airyaman (or airiiaman) in the Avesta, is both an Avestan language common noun as well as the proper name of a Zoroastrian divinity.
The common noun is a theological and social term literally meaning "member of (the) community or tribe."[a] In a secondary development, the common noun became the proper name of a divinity Airyaman, who is the yazata of health and healing.[*]
In Zoroastrian tradition, Avestan Airyaman is Middle Persian Erman (Ērmān).
AMUN RA
Amun was attested from the Old Kingdom together with his wife Amunet. With the 11th Dynasty (c. 21st century BC), Amun rose to the position of patron deity of Thebes. When the army of the founder of the Eighteenth Dynasty expelled the Hyksos rulers from Egypt, the victor's city of origin, Thebes, became the most important city in Egypt, the capital of a new dynasty. The local patron deity of Thebes, Amun, therefore became nationally important.Subsequently, when Egypt conquered Kush, they identified the chief deity of the Kushites as Amun. This Kush deity was depicted as ram-headed, more specifically a woolly ram with curved horns. Amun thus became associated with the ram arising from the aged appearance of the Kush ram deity, and depictions related to Amun sometimes had small ram's horns, known as the Horns of Ammon. A solar deity in the form of a ram can be traced to the pre-literate Kerma culture in Nubia, contemporary to the Old Kingdom of Egypt. The later (Meroitic period) name of Nubian Amun was Amani, attested in numerous personal names such as Tanwetamani, Arkamani, and Amanitore. Since rams were considered a symbol of virility, Amun also became thought of as a fertility deity, and so started to absorb the identity of Min, becoming Amun-Min. This association with virility led to Amun-Min gaining the epithet Kamutef, meaning "Bull of his mother", in which form he was found depicted on the walls of Karnak, ithyphallic, and with a scourge, as Min was.
As the cult of Amun grew in importance, Amun became identified with the chief deity who was worshipped in other areas during that period, namely the sun god Ra. This identification led to another merger of identities, with Amun becoming Amun-Ra. In the Hymn to Amun-Ra he is described as Lord of truth, father of the gods, maker of men, creator of all animals, Lord of things that are, creator of the staff of life.
MIND & MATTER In ancient Indian astronomy, the asterism of the Big Dipper (part of the constellation of Ursa Major) is called saptarishi, with the seven stars representing seven rishis. The name Arundhatī in Sanskrit literally means 'washed from the rays of sun', from arun 'Sun rays' and dhatī 'washed'.
Everything points to the fact that Hayk and his closest companions, - (or the ancient author/ararich of his story,) - must have had some knowledge of the nature of consciousness and the relationship between mind and matter as well as an awareness of the fundamental nature of reality not to mention the first principles of being, identity but most importantly of change space and time, causality, necessity, and possibility. In other words collectively they must have been masters of the natural order of phenomena.
Trepidation (from Lat. trepidus, "trepidatious"), in now-obsolete medieval theories of astronomy, refers to hypothetical oscillation in the precession of the equinoxes. The theory was popular from the 9th to the 16th centuries.
The origin of the theory of trepidation comes from the Small Commentary to the Handy Tables written by Theon of Alexandria in the 4th century CE. In precession, the equinoxes appear to move slowly through the ecliptic, completing a revolution in approximately 25,800 years (according to modern astronomers). Theon states that certain (unnamed) ancient astrologers believed that the precession, rather than being a steady unending motion, instead reverses direction every 640 years. The equinoxes, in this theory, move through the ecliptic at the rate of 1 degree in 80 years over a span of 8 degrees, after which they suddenly reverse direction and travel back over the same 8 degrees. Theon describes but did not endorse this theory.
A more sophisticated version of this theory was adopted in the 9th century to explain a variation which Islamic astronomers incorrectly believed was affecting the rate of precession. This version of trepidation is described in De motu octavae sphaerae (On the Motion of the Eighth Sphere), a Latin translation of a lost Arabic original. The book is attributed to the Arab astronomer Thābit ibn Qurra, but this model has also been attributed to Ibn al-Adami and to Thabit's grandson, Ibrahim ibn Sinan. In this trepidation model, the oscillation is added to the equinoxes as they precess. The oscillation occurred over a period of 7000 years, added to the eighth (or ninth) sphere of the Ptolemaic system. "Thabit's" trepidation model was used in the Alfonsine Tables, which assigned a period of 49,000 years to precession. This version of trepidation dominated Latin astronomy in the later Middle Ages.
Islamic astronomers described other models of trepidation. In the West, an alternative to De motu octavae sphaerae was part of the theory of the motion of the Earth published by Nicolaus Copernicus in De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543). Copernicus' version of trepidation combined the oscillation of the equinoxes (now known to be a spurious motion) with a change in the obliquity of the ecliptic (axial tilt), acknowledged today as an authentic motion of the Earth's axis.MITHRAS-ORION Orion is the one constellation that closes the gap between Taurus and the other equatorial summer constellations. Mithras' identification with Orion thus becomes absolutely necessary if the constellations of the bull slaying scene are to be equatorial. But we are not reduced to inferences of this kind, however compelling, for there exists proof for Mithras being Orion in written sources. Porphyry, the neo-Platonic philosopherMithraic constellations
The Mithraic Mysteries, colloquially also known as Mithraism, was it is assumed a 1st–4th century neo-Platonic mystery cult of the Roman god Mithras. The near-total lack of written descriptions or scripture necessitates a reconstruction of beliefs and practices from the archaeological evidence, such as that found in Mithraic temples (in modern times called mithraea), which were real or artificial "caves" representing the cosmos. Until the 1970s most scholars followed Franz Cumont in identifying Mithras as a continuation of the Persian god Mithra. Cumont's continuity hypothesis, with an astrological component is more heavily pronounced. The details, however, are debated.
As far as ancient knowledge of an axial precession is concerned, one has to read the scholar of Mithraism, David Ulansey, who has interpreted Mithras as a personification of the force responsible for the precession originally the obvious regulated measured annual 'shift'. Ulansey argues that the cult was a religious response to the claim of Hipparchus discovery of how the entire cosmos was moving, now dubed the precession, which—from the ancient geocentric perspective—amounted to the discovery that the entire cosmos (i.e., the outermost celestial sphere of the fixed stars) yes, was 'moving' however in a previously unknown way.
His analysis is based on the so-called "tauroctony": the image of Mithras killing a bull that was located in the central place in every Mithraic temple. In the standard tauroctony.
Mithras and the bull are accompanied by a dog, a snake, a raven, and a scorpion. According to Ulansey, the tauroctony is a star chart. The bull is Taurus, a constellation of the zodiac. In the astronomical age that preceded the time of Hipparchus, the vernal equinox had taken place when the Sun was in the constellation of Taurus, and during that previous epoch the constellations of Canis Minor (The Dog), Hydra (The Snake), Corvus (The Raven), and Scorpius (The Scorpion)—that is, the constellations that correspond to the animals depicted in the tauroctony—all lay on the celestial equator (the location of which is shifted by the precession) and thus had privileged positions in the sky during that epoch. Mithras himself represents the constellation Perseus, which is located directly above Taurus the Bull: the same location occupied by Mithras in the tauroctony image. Mithras' killing of the Bull, by this reasoning, represented the power possessed by this new god to shift the entire cosmic structure, turning the cosmic sphere so that the location of the spring equinox left the constellation of Taurus (a transition symbolized by the killing of the Bull), and the Dog, Snake, Raven, and Scorpion likewise lost their privileged positions on the celestial equator. The question is if Aries replaced the constelation of Taurus (The Heavenly Bull) as we know approximately 2500BCE, where was Mitra who replaced the bull and what replaced the privileged positions in the sky that were held during that epoch, like the constellations of Canis Minor (The Dog), Hydra (The Snake), Corvus (The Raven), and Scorpius (The Scorpion).
The iconography also contains two torch-bearing twins (Cautes and Cautopates) framing the bull-slaying image—one holding a torch pointing up and the other a torch pointing down. These torch-bearers are sometimes depicted with one of them (torch up) holding or associated with a Bull and a tree with leaves, and the other (torch down) holding or associated with a Scorpion and a tree with fruit. Ulansey interprets these torch-bearers as representing the spring equinox (torch up, tree with leaves, Bull) and the autumn equinox (torch down, tree with fruit, Scorpion) in Taurus and Scorpius respectively, which is where the equinoxes were located during the preceding "Age of Taurus" symbolized in the tauroctony as a whole. Thus Ulansey concludes that Mithraic iconography was an "astronomical code" whose secret was the existence of a new cosmic divinity, unknown to those outside the cult, whose fundamental attribute was his ability to shift the structure of the entire cosmos and thereby to control the astrological forces believed at that time to determine human existence, thus giving him the power to grant his devotees success during life and salvation after death (i.e., a safe journey through the planetary spheres and a subsequent immortal existence in the realm of the stars).
Trepidation was a feature of Hindu astronomy and was used to compute ayanamsha for converting sidereal to tropical longitudes. The third chapter of the Suryasiddhanta, verses 9-10, provides the method for computing it, which E. Burgess interprets as 27 degree trepidation in either direction over a full period of 7200 years, at an annual rate of 54 seconds.[4] This is nearly the same as the Arab period of about 7000 years. The zero date according to the Suryasiddhanta was 499 AD, after which trepidation is forward in the same direction as modern equinoctial precession. For the period before 1301 BCE, Suryasiddhantic trepidation would be opposite in sign to equinoctial precession. For the period 1301 BCE to 2299 AD, equinoctial precession and Suryasiddhantic precession would have the same direction and sign, only differing in magnitude. Brahma Siddhanta, Soma Siddhanta and Narada Purana describe exactly the same theory and magnitude of trepidation as in Suryasiddhanta, and some other Puranas also provide concise references to precession, esp Vayu purana and Matsya Purana.
Mīna, or Meena, is a month in the Indian solar calendar. It corresponds to the zodiacal sign of Pisces, and overlaps with about the later half of March and about the early half of April in the Gregorian calendar. First day of the Meena month, called as Meena Sankranti generally falls on March 14th.[4]
In Vedic texts, the Mina month is called Tapasya (IAST: Tapasya), but in these ancient texts it has no zodiacal associations.[5] The solar month of Mina overlaps with its lunar month Chaitra, in Hindu lunisolar calendars.[6][7] The Mina marks the spring season for the Indian subcontinent. It is preceded by the solar month of Kumbha, and followed by the solar month of Meṣa.
R.D. Barnett has argued that the royal seal of King Saussatar of Mitanni from c. 1450 BCE. depicts a tauroctonous Mithras.
In the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, the rough breathing (Ancient Greek: δασὺ πνεῦμα, romanized: dasỳ pneûma or δασεῖα daseîa; Latin: spīritus asper) character is a diacritical mark used to indicate the presence of an /h/ sound before a vowel, diphthong, or after rho. It remained in the polytonic orthography even after the Hellenistic period, when the sound disappeared from the Greek language. In the monotonic orthography of Modern Greek phonology, in use since 1982, it is not used at all.
Ayin (also ayn or ain; transliterated ⟨ʿ⟩) is the sixteenth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician ʿayin 
, Hebrew ʿayin ע, Aramaic ʿē 
, Syriac ʿē ܥ, and Arabic ʿayn ع (where it is sixteenth in abjadi order only)
.*ar-
also arə-, Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to fit together."
It forms all or part of: adorn; alarm; aristarchy; aristo-; aristocracy; arm (n.1) "upper limb of the body;" arm (n.2) "weapon;" armada; armadillo; armament; armature; armilla; armistice; armoire; armor; armory; army; art (n.) "skill as a result of learning or practice;" arthralgia; arthritis; arthro-; arthropod; arthroscopy; article; articulate; artifact; artifice; artisan; artist; coordination; disarm; gendarme; harmony; inert; inertia; inordinate; ordain; order; ordinal; ordinance; ordinary; ordinate; ordnance; ornament; ornate; primordial; subordinate; suborn.
It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Sanskrit irmah "arm," rtih "manner, mode;" Armenian arnam "make," armukn "elbow;" Greek arti "just," artios "complete, suitable," artizein "to prepare," arthron "a joint;" Latin ars (stem art-) "art, skill, craft," armus "shoulder," artus "joint," arma "weapons;" Old Prussian irmo "arm;" German art "manner, mode."
One true definition of the tropical year would be the time required for the Sun, beginning at a chosen ecliptic longitude, to make one complete cycle of the seasons and return to the same ecliptic longitude.
There are two important planes in solar system calculations: the plane of the ecliptic (the Earth's orbit around the Sun), and the plane of the celestial equator (the Earth's equator projected into space). These two planes intersect in a line.
One direction points to the so-called vernal, northward, or March equinox which is given the symbol ♈︎, this symbol looks like the horns of a ram but originally represented the cusp between Taurus and the plowman/worker which over time - (because of the precession of the equinoxes change, as compared to the direction of distant stars and galaxies, whose directions have no measurable motion due to their great distance) - became known as the horns of the Ram, the constellation Aries).
Sidereal systems of astrology define the signs relative to the apparent backwards movement of fixed stars of about 1 degree every 72 years from the perspective of the Earth, tropical systems define 0 degrees of Aries to coincide with the vernal point or vernal equinox (also known as the March equinox in the Northern hemisphere), and define the rest of the zodiac from this point.
If a different or an incorect starting longitude for the Sun is chosen than 0° (i.e. ♈︎), then the duration for the Sun to return to the same longitude will be different. The equinox moves with respect to the perihelion (and both move with respect to the fixed sidereal frame). From one equinox passage to the next, or from one solstice passage to the next, the Sun completes not quite a full elliptic orbit. The time saved depends on where it starts in the orbit. If the starting point is close to the perihelion (such as the December solstice), then the speed is higher than average, and the apparent Sun saves little time for not having to cover a full circle: the "tropical year" is comparatively long. If the starting point is near aphelion, then the speed is lower and the time saved for not having to run the same small arc that the equinox has precessed is longer: that tropical year is comparatively short.
The "mean tropical year" is based on the mean sun, and is not exactly equal to any of the times taken to go from an equinox to the next or from a solstice to the next.
The following values of time intervals between equinoxes and solstices were provided by Meeus and Savoie for the years 0 and 2000. These are smoothed values which take account of the Earth's orbit being elliptical, using well-known procedures (including solving Kepler's equation). They do not take into account periodic variations due to factors such as the gravitational force of the orbiting Moon and gravitational forces from the other planets. Such perturbations are minor compared to the positional difference resulting from the orbit being elliptical rather than circular.
According to the “Laws of Manu”, people who earn their living through astrology are to be considered impure and are not allowed to attend Vedic rituals. I only wish to add that at no time do I confuse the Astronomy/Astrometry with Astrology.
The idea that circa 2500 BCE there existed at some cultural location a sophisticated knowledge of positional astronomy is pure speculation and without any supportive evidence. However investigators have been convinced that their method(s) of analysis of Aratus' poem Phainomena enables them to identify that all the classical Greek constellations were designed as a set at one definite period in time and in one location, according to a preconceived plan. Also argued for was the early origin of the zodiacal constellations (circa 2500-3000 BCE) and a sophisticated positional astronomy of the constellation makers.
If a different or an incorect starting longitude for the Sun is chosen than 0° (i.e. ♈︎), then the duration for the Sun to return to the same longitude will be different. The equinox moves with respect to the perihelion (and both move with respect to the fixed sidereal frame). From one equinox passage to the next, or from one solstice passage to the next, the Sun completes not quite a full elliptic orbit. The time saved depends on where it starts in the orbit. If the starting point is close to the perihelion (such as the December solstice), then the speed is higher than average, and the apparent Sun saves little time for not having to cover a full circle: the "tropical year" is comparatively long. If the starting point is near aphelion, then the speed is lower and the time saved for not having to run the same small arc that the equinox has precessed is longer: that tropical year is comparatively short.
The "mean tropical year" is based on the mean sun, and is not exactly equal to any of the times taken to go from an equinox to the next or from a solstice to the next.
The following values of time intervals between equinoxes and solstices were provided by Meeus and Savoie for the years 0 and 2000. These are smoothed values which take account of the Earth's orbit being elliptical, using well-known procedures (including solving Kepler's equation). They do not take into account periodic variations due to factors such as the gravitational force of the orbiting Moon and gravitational forces from the other planets. Such perturbations are minor compared to the positional difference resulting from the orbit being elliptical rather than circular.
Sidereal astrology not astronomy maintains the alignment between signs and constellations via corrective systems known as ayanamsas (Sanskrit: 'ayana' "movement" + 'aṃśa' "component"), to allow for the observed precession of equinoxes, whereas tropical astrology ignores precession. There are various systems of Ayanamsa that are in use in Hindu astrology (also known as Vedic astrology) such as the Raman Ayanamsa and the Krishnamurthy Ayanamsa. The use of ayanamsa to account for the precession of equinoxes is believed to have been defined in Vedic texts at least 2,500 years before the Greek astronomer Hipparchus quantified the precession of equinoxes in 127 B.C.
The Raman ayanamsa is calculated with constant precession rate 50.333333333"/year doesn't use any modern precession theory. The use of Raman ayanamsa to account for the precession of equinoxes is believed to have been defined in Vedic texts at least 2,500 years before the Greek astronomer Hipparchus quantified the precession of equinoxes in 127 B.C.
According to current Indian astrology the zodiac still begins with Aries and the lunar mansion Aśvinī. In ancient times, approximately from 2500 BC on, the vernal equinox was located in this lunar motion. In astronomical and astrological texts of Late Antiquity, the lunar mansion Aśvinī (and Aries) became the starting point of the ecliptic the reason being that the vernal equinox by that time had moved on into this lunar mansion. The equinoxes and solstices were placed at the beginnings of Aries, Cancer, Libra, and Capricorn.
According to the “Laws of Manu”, people who earn their living through astrology are to be considered impure and are not allowed to attend Vedic rituals. I only wish to add that at no time do I confuse the Astronomy/Astrometry with Astrology.
While sidereal systems of astrology define the signs relative to the apparent backwards movement of fixed stars of about 1 degree every 72 years from the perspective of the Earth, tropical systems define 0 degrees of Aries to coincide with the vernal point or vernal equinox (also known as the March equinox in the Northern hemisphere), and define the rest of the zodiac from this point.
The oldest text of Greek-inspired Indian astrology fixes the cardinal points of the year at the beginnings of the signs of Aries, Cancer, Libra, and Capricorn and has the sun traverse all signs within 365,2303 days. This year length is closer to the tropical (365.2422) than the sidereal year (365.2564) and was most probably determined by observation of the solstices and equinoxes. Astronomically, the sidereal Aries point has nothing special about it. Ancient Indian astronomy, believed that these points in the sky were extremely prominent in that they played an important part in the history of the universe. For, at the end of every great age or yugam, it was believed, all planets would come together and align to this sidpoint and form an exact conjunction.
The oldest text of Greek-inspired Indian astrology fixes the cardinal points of the year at the beginnings of the signs of Aries, Cancer, Libra, and Capricorn and has the sun traverse all signs within 365,2303 days. This year length is closer to the tropical (365.2422) than the sidereal year (365.2564) and was most probably determined by observation of the solstices and equinoxes. Astronomically, the sidereal Aries point has nothing special about it. Ancient Indian astronomy, believed that these points in the sky were extremely prominent in that they played an important part in the history of the universe. For, at the end of every great age or yugam, it was believed, all planets would come together and align to this sidpoint and form an exact conjunction.
First Point of Aries is the point on the celestial equator at extremes of this sky chart. The ecliptic also passes through it. The First Point of Aries defines the ecliptic coordinate of 0 degrees longitude (or right ascension) and 0 degrees latitude (or declination). This coincided with the festival of Hilaria, a time of optimism and beginnings where farmers began to sow or observed the first growth and blossoming of trees and summer crops. The Hilaria (/hɪˈlɑːriə/; Latin "the cheerful ones", a term derived from the borrowed adjective Ancient Greek: ἱλαρός, or ElAros suggests in Greek the "cheerful, merry" for it was a time for celebration. The day was celebrated in ancient Roman religious festivals on the March equinox to honor Cybele. Maximus the Confessor thought it the day on which a person married, and on which a son was born, they were days set for the appointing a new emperor.
The naming of the constallation as Aries is late in the Babylonian zodiac where the equinox was in its earliest tradition marked as in the early Middle Bronze Age by actual coincidence with the Pleiades. The time also corresponds to the time of castration of male calves, mules and donkeys, Sanguia on the vernal equinox and marked the start of spring proper.
The calends or kalends (Latin: kalendae) is the first day of every month in the Roman calendar. The English word "calendar" is derived from this word.
The Romans called the first day of every month the calends, signifying the start of a new lunar phase. It is very interesting that the Latin term is traditionally written with initial K: as in the first point of Aries which marks or defines the ecliptic coordinate of 0 degrees longitude (or right ascension) and 0 degrees latitude (or declination). This is a relic of traditional Latin orthography, which wrote K (instead of C or Q) before the vowel A. Q also is a mark upon a cycle the ecliptic which defines the cusp between Aries and Pisces.
The choice of starting position from which to measure the Sun's motion across celestial sphere is arbitrary. The equinoxes are preferred as an equinox marks the point in time when the Sun has neither northern nor southern declination but is crossing the celestial equator.
The Old Farmer's Almanac regularly features a "planting by the signs" section.
Agricultural astrology is one of the oldest forms of astrology. It was probably one of the first use humans made of lunar cycles. Evidence of its practice dates back thousands of years to the ancient peoples of the Nile and Euphrates River valleys. Farmers of these civilizations planted by the Moon's phase and its sign in the zodiac. Although agricultural astrology is primarily used as a guide for growing crops, it also has been applied to the practice of animal husbandry. For example, agricultural astrology encourages poultry farmers to set up their chicken's eggs to hatch when it is a new moon and in a "fruitful" sign. It claims that chicks hatched during this time grow faster and produce more offspring. Animal husbandry is the branch of agriculture concerned with animals that are raised for meat, fibre, milk, or other products. It includes day-to-day care, selective breeding and the raising of livestock. Husbandry has a long history, starting with the Neolithic revolution when animals were first domesticated, from around 13,000 BC onwards, predating farming of the first crops. By the time of early civilisations such as ancient Egypt, cattle, sheep, goats and pigs were being raised on farms.
Agricultural and horticultural astronomy/astrology, can be said to be like electional astrology for the Garden of Edan. Giving advise for scheduling the planting, cultivating and harvesting of crops based on moon phases and on sun based astrological signs.
Agricultural astronomy/astrology would refer to the "planting by the signs" because of its reliance on the astronomical calendar hopefully giving accurate times for planting, cultivating and harvesting.
Sheep (Ovis aries) are domesticated, ruminant mammals typically kept as livestock.
The etymology of the verb to husband, meaning "to manage carefully," derives from an older meaning of husband, which in the 14th century referred to the ownership and care of a household or farm, but today means the "control or judicious use of resources," and in agriculture, the cultivation of plants or animals. Farmers and ranchers who raise livestock are considered to practice animal husbandry. It is believed that selective breeding for woolly sheep began around 6000 BCE, with efforts to obtain white-fleeced sheep beginning in Mesopotamia around 3000 BC. Being a key animal in the history of farming, sheep have a deeply entrenched place in human culture, and find representation in much modern language and symbology. As livestock, sheep are most often associated with pastoral, Arcadian imagery. Sheep figure in many mythologies—such as the Golden Fleece—and major religions, especially the Abrahamic traditions. In both ancient and modern religious ritual, sheep are used as sacrificial animals. The rearing of sheep for secondary products, and the resulting breed development, began in either southwest Asia or western Europe. Initially, sheep were kept solely for meat, milk and skins. Archaeological evidence from statuary found at sites in Iran suggests that selection for woolly sheep may have begun around 6000 BC and the earliest woven wool garments have been dated to two to three thousand years later.
By the beginning of the Bronze Age 2300 BCE) sheep with characteristics similar to the modern breeds were widespread throughout Western Asia.
The Armenian mouflon (Ovis gmelini gmelini) is an endangered subspecies of mouflon endemic to Iran, Armenia, and Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan). It’s thought that Mouflon Sheep (Ovis orientalis orientalis) are one of two sheep breeds which are an ancestor for all domestic sheep. Alternative names include Armenian sheep, Armenian wild sheep, Armenian red sheep, and Trans-Caucasian sheep.
Traditionally, animal husbandry was part of the subsistence farmer's way of life, producing not only the food needed by the family but also the fuel, fertiliser, clothing, transport and draught power. Domestication was not a single event, but a process repeated at various periods in different places. Sheep and goats were the animals that first accompanied the nomads in the Middle East. Killing the animal for food was a secondary consideration, and wherever possible its products such as wool, eggs, milk were harvested and the animal was kept well and alive. The breeding of farm animals seldom occurs spontaneously but is managed by farmers with a view to encouraging traits seen as desirable. These include hardiness, fertility, docility, mothering abilities, fast growth rates, low feed consumption per unit of growth, better body proportions, higher yields, and better fibre qualities. Undesirable traits such as health defects and aggressiveness are selected against.
Seasonal breeding readiness is strongly regulated by length of day (photoperiod) and thus season. Photoperiod likely affects the seasonal breeder through changes in melatonin secretion by the pineal gland that ultimately alter GnRH release by the hypothalamus.
During the rut (known as the rutting period and in domestic sheep management as tupping), males often rub their antlers or horns on trees or shrubs, fight with each other, wallow in mud or dust, self-anoint and herd estrus females together. These displays make the male conspicuous and aids in mate selection.
The rut in many species is triggered by shorter day lengths. For different species, the timing of the rut depends on the length of the gestation period (pregnancy), usually occurring so the young are born in the spring. This is shortly after new green growth has appeared thereby providing food for the females, allowing them to provide milk for the young, and when the temperatures are warm enough to reduce the risk of young becoming hypothermic.
Hence, seasonal breeders can be divided into groups based on fertility period. "Long day" breeders cycle when days get longer (spring) and are in anestrus in fall and winter.
Hence, seasonal breeders can be divided into groups based on fertility period. "Long day" breeders cycle when days get longer (spring) and are in anestrus in fall and winter.
The rut (n.2) "periodically recurring sexual excitement in animals; animal mating season" from Old French rut, ruit, from Late Latin rugitum (nominative rugitus) "a bellowing, a roaring," from past participle of Latin rugire "to roar" "to bellow" (from PIE imitative root *reu-).
Trepidation (from Lat. trepidus, "trepidatious"), in now-obsolete medieval theories of astronomy, refers to hypothetical oscillation in the precession of the equinoxes. The theory was popular from the 9th to the 16th centuries.
The origin of the theory of trepidation comes from the Small Commentary to the Handy Tables written by Theon of Alexandria in the 4th century CE. In precession, the equinoxes appear to move slowly through the ecliptic, completing a revolution in approximately 25,800 years (according to modern astronomers). Theon states that certain (unnamed) ancient astrologers believed that the precession, rather than being a steady unending motion, instead reverses direction every 640 years. The equinoxes, in this theory, move through the ecliptic at the rate of 1 degree in 80 years over a span of 8 degrees, after which they suddenly reverse direction and travel back over the same 8 degrees. Theon describes but did not endorse this theory.
A more sophisticated version of this theory was adopted in the 9th century to explain a variation which Islamic astronomers incorrectly believed was affecting the rate of precession. This version of trepidation is described in De motu octavae sphaerae (On the Motion of the Eighth Sphere), a Latin translation of a lost Arabic original. The book is attributed to the Arab astronomer Thābit ibn Qurra, but this model has also been attributed to Ibn al-Adami and to Thabit's grandson, Ibrahim ibn Sinan. In this trepidation model, the oscillation is added to the equinoxes as they precess. The oscillation occurred over a period of 7000 years, added to the eighth (or ninth) sphere of the Ptolemaic system. "Thabit's" trepidation model was used in the Alfonsine Tables, which assigned a period of 49,000 years to precession. This version of trepidation dominated Latin astronomy in the later Middle Ages.
Islamic astronomers described other models of trepidation. In the West, an alternative to De motu octavae sphaerae was part of the theory of the motion of the Earth published by Nicolaus Copernicus in De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543). Copernicus' version of trepidation combined the oscillation of the equinoxes (now known to be a spurious motion) with a change in the obliquity of the ecliptic (axial tilt), acknowledged today as an authentic motion of the Earth's axis.
The Mithraic Mysteries, colloquially also known as Mithraism, was it is assumed a 1st–4th century neo-Platonic mystery cult of the Roman god Mithras. The near-total lack of written descriptions or scripture necessitates a reconstruction of beliefs and practices from the archaeological evidence, such as that found in Mithraic temples (in modern times called mithraea), which were real or artificial "caves" representing the cosmos. Until the 1970s most scholars followed Franz Cumont in identifying Mithras as a continuation of the Persian god Mithra. Cumont's continuity hypothesis, with an astrological component is more heavily pronounced. The details, however, are debated.
As far as ancient knowledge of an axial precession is concerned, one has to read the scholar of Mithraism, David Ulansey, who has interpreted Mithras as a personification of the force responsible for the precession originally the obvious regulated measured annual 'shift'. Ulansey argues that the cult was a religious response to the claim of Hipparchus discovery of how the entire cosmos was moving, now dubed the precession, which—from the ancient geocentric perspective—amounted to the discovery that the entire cosmos (i.e., the outermost celestial sphere of the fixed stars) yes, was 'moving' however in a previously unknown way.
His analysis is based on the so-called "tauroctony": the image of Mithras killing a bull that was located in the central place in every Mithraic temple. In the standard tauroctony.
Mithras and the bull are accompanied by a dog, a snake, a raven, and a scorpion. According to Ulansey, the tauroctony is a star chart. The bull is Taurus, a constellation of the zodiac. In the astronomical age that preceded the time of Hipparchus, the vernal equinox had taken place when the Sun was in the constellation of Taurus, and during that previous epoch the constellations of Canis Minor (The Dog), Hydra (The Snake), Corvus (The Raven), and Scorpius (The Scorpion)—that is, the constellations that correspond to the animals depicted in the tauroctony—all lay on the celestial equator (the location of which is shifted by the precession) and thus had privileged positions in the sky during that epoch. Mithras himself represents the constellation Perseus, which is located directly above Taurus the Bull: the same location occupied by Mithras in the tauroctony image. Mithras' killing of the Bull, by this reasoning, represented the power possessed by this new god to shift the entire cosmic structure, turning the cosmic sphere so that the location of the spring equinox left the constellation of Taurus (a transition symbolized by the killing of the Bull), and the Dog, Snake, Raven, and Scorpion likewise lost their privileged positions on the celestial equator. The question is if Aries replaced the constelation of Taurus (The Heavenly Bull) as we know approximately 2500BCE, where was Mitra who replaced the bull and what replaced the privileged positions in the sky that were held during that epoch, like the constellations of Canis Minor (The Dog), Hydra (The Snake), Corvus (The Raven), and Scorpius (The Scorpion).
The iconography also contains two torch-bearing twins (Cautes and Cautopates) framing the bull-slaying image—one holding a torch pointing up and the other a torch pointing down. These torch-bearers are sometimes depicted with one of them (torch up) holding or associated with a Bull and a tree with leaves, and the other (torch down) holding or associated with a Scorpion and a tree with fruit. Ulansey interprets these torch-bearers as representing the spring equinox (torch up, tree with leaves, Bull) and the autumn equinox (torch down, tree with fruit, Scorpion) in Taurus and Scorpius respectively, which is where the equinoxes were located during the preceding "Age of Taurus" symbolized in the tauroctony as a whole. Thus Ulansey concludes that Mithraic iconography was an "astronomical code" whose secret was the existence of a new cosmic divinity, unknown to those outside the cult, whose fundamental attribute was his ability to shift the structure of the entire cosmos and thereby to control the astrological forces believed at that time to determine human existence, thus giving him the power to grant his devotees success during life and salvation after death (i.e., a safe journey through the planetary spheres and a subsequent immortal existence in the realm of the stars).
Trepidation was a feature of Hindu astronomy and was used to compute ayanamsha for converting sidereal to tropical longitudes. The third chapter of the Suryasiddhanta, verses 9-10, provides the method for computing it, which E. Burgess interprets as 27 degree trepidation in either direction over a full period of 7200 years, at an annual rate of 54 seconds.[4] This is nearly the same as the Arab period of about 7000 years. The zero date according to the Suryasiddhanta was 499 AD, after which trepidation is forward in the same direction as modern equinoctial precession. For the period before 1301 BCE, Suryasiddhantic trepidation would be opposite in sign to equinoctial precession. For the period 1301 BCE to 2299 AD, equinoctial precession and Suryasiddhantic precession would have the same direction and sign, only differing in magnitude. Brahma Siddhanta, Soma Siddhanta and Narada Purana describe exactly the same theory and magnitude of trepidation as in Suryasiddhanta, and some other Puranas also provide concise references to precession, esp Vayu purana and Matsya Purana.
Mīna, or Meena, is a month in the Indian solar calendar. It corresponds to the zodiacal sign of Pisces, and overlaps with about the later half of March and about the early half of April in the Gregorian calendar. First day of the Meena month, called as Meena Sankranti generally falls on March 14th.[4]
In Vedic texts, the Mina month is called Tapasya (IAST: Tapasya), but in these ancient texts it has no zodiacal associations.[5] The solar month of Mina overlaps with its lunar month Chaitra, in Hindu lunisolar calendars.[6][7] The Mina marks the spring season for the Indian subcontinent. It is preceded by the solar month of Kumbha, and followed by the solar month of Meṣa.
R.D. Barnett has argued that the royal seal of King Saussatar of Mitanni from c. 1450 BCE. depicts a tauroctonous Mithras.
In the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, the rough breathing (Ancient Greek: δασὺ πνεῦμα, romanized: dasỳ pneûma or δασεῖα daseîa; Latin: spīritus asper) character is a diacritical mark used to indicate the presence of an /h/ sound before a vowel, diphthong, or after rho. It remained in the polytonic orthography even after the Hellenistic period, when the sound disappeared from the Greek language. In the monotonic orthography of Modern Greek phonology, in use since 1982, it is not used at all.
Ayin (also ayn or ain; transliterated ⟨ʿ⟩) is the sixteenth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician ʿayin, Hebrew ʿayin ע, Aramaic ʿē , Syriac ʿē ܥ, and Arabic ʿayn ع (where it is sixteenth in abjadi order only)
.*ar-
also arə-, Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to fit together."
It forms all or part of: adorn; alarm; aristarchy; aristo-; aristocracy; arm (n.1) "upper limb of the body;" arm (n.2) "weapon;" armada; armadillo; armament; armature; armilla; armistice; armoire; armor; armory; army; art (n.) "skill as a result of learning or practice;" arthralgia; arthritis; arthro-; arthropod; arthroscopy; article; articulate; artifact; artifice; artisan; artist; coordination; disarm; gendarme; harmony; inert; inertia; inordinate; ordain; order; ordinal; ordinance; ordinary; ordinate; ordnance; ornament; ornate; primordial; subordinate; suborn.
It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Sanskrit irmah "arm," rtih "manner, mode;" Armenian arnam "make," armukn "elbow;" Greek arti "just," artios "complete, suitable," artizein "to prepare," arthron "a joint;" Latin ars (stem art-) "art, skill, craft," armus "shoulder," artus "joint," arma "weapons;" Old Prussian irmo "arm;" German art "manner, mode."
The rate of precession accepted today is about 50" per year or 1° in 72 years.
Abstract: The possible discovery, by ancient astronomers, of the slow drift in the stellar configurations due to what we understand and call the processional movement of the earth’s axis has been proposed several times and, in particular, has been considered as the fundamental key in the interpretation of myths by Ugo de Santillana and Ertha Von Dechend. Finding clear proofs that this discovery actually occurred would, therefore, be of relevant importance in a wide inter-disciplinary area of sciences which includes both social-historical and archaeo-astronomical research. In the present paper the possible discovery of astronomical effects induced by precession. Early cultures identified celestial objects with gods and spirits.They related these objects (and their movements) to phenomena such as rain, drought, seasons, and tides. It is generally believed that the first astronomers were priests, and that they understood celestial objects and events to be manifestations of the divine, hence early astronomy's connection to what is now called astrology.
The stars viewed from Earth are seen to proceed from east to west daily, due to the Earth's diurnal motion, and yearly, due to the Earth's revolution around the Sun. At the same time the stars can be observed to anticipate slightly such motion, at the rate of approximately 50 arc seconds per year, a phenomenon known as the "precession of the equinoxes".
Our knowledge of Sumerian astronomy is indirect, via the earliest Babylonian star catalogues dating from about 1200 BC. The fact that many star names appear in Sumerian suggests a continuity reaching into the Early Bronze Age. Astral theology, which gave planetary gods an important role in Mesopotamian mythology and religion, began with the Sumerians. They also used a sexagesimal (base 60) place-value number system, which simplified the task of recording very large and very small numbers. The modern practice of dividing a circle into 360 degrees, or an hour into 60 minutes, began with the Sumerians. For more information, see the articles on Babylonian numerals and mathematics.
Since the franca lingua of Armenia was cuniform I have searched as have others the possibility of a Sumerian origin to Armenian. Scientists are unable to agree on the origin of the Sumerians from where Hayk the progenitor of the Armenians came from, nor do they agree on the origin of the Sumerian cuneiform which the Armenians used for two millennia. For that matter they cannot come to an agreement about where either the Armenian or the Sumerian civilizations came from and what the Sumerians were alluding to in their legends when they referred to their origins. All said what they do agree on is the fact that Armenian civilization was and is one of the first on the Earth and that the Armenian orally transmitted culture and language is one of the oldest among the existing.
OVER TIME THE ORAL & ANCIENT MYTHS WHICH WOVE TOGETHER SUCH DIVERSE CULTURAL THREADS WERE RECORDED IN TEXTS & PERPETUATED ORALLY BY LYRE-PLAYING BARDS (gusan) which were, in turn, preserved by even later writers. For example, a portion of an ancient poem recorded by the 5th-century CE historian Movses Khorenatsi describes the birth of the sun god Vahagn (who had replaced Shivini) from a reed in the sea. Unfortunately, despite the best efforts of writers in Late Antiquity, without extended textual evidence from ancient Armenia itself and only an impoverished archaeological record, much of Armenian myth and religion still remains unknown or unexplained. There are small figurines from Urartian sites which are of uncertain significance, for example, of winged females, bird-men, scorpion-men and fish-men. As these hybrid creatures were frequently painted on storeroom interior walls, the most outstanding of these hybrid figures are the vishaps , but to date we have no knowledge as to their meaning and purpose.
Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences, dating back to antiquity, with its origins in the religious, mythological, cosmological, calendrical, and astrological beliefs and practices of prehistory: vestiges of these are still found in astrology, a discipline long interwoven with public and governmental astronomy. Astronomy in the Indian subcontinent dates back to the period of Indus Valley Civilization during 3rd millennium BCE, when it was used to create calendars.[23] As the Indus Valley civilization did not leave behind written documents, the oldest extant Indian astronomical text is the Vedanga Jyotisha, dating from the Vedic period.
Astrological beliefs in correspondences between celestial observations and terrestrial events have influenced various aspects of human history, including world-views, language and many elements of social culture.
Among West Eurasian peoples, the earliest evidence for astrology dates from the 3rd millennium BC, with roots in calendrical systems used to predict seasonal shifts and to interpret celestial cycles as signs of divine communications.[1] Until the 17th century, astrology was considered a scholarly tradition, and it helpe
Kinematics is a subfield of physics, developed in classical mechanics, that describes the motion of points, bodies (objects), and systems of bodies (groups of objects) without considering the forces that cause them to move. Kinematics, as a field of study, is often referred to as the "geometry of motion" and is occasionally seen as a branch of mathematics.
Under the heading Proto-Armenian Language Wikipedia offers the world the following:
Proto-Armenian is the earlier, unattested stage of the Armenian language which has been reconstructed by linguists. As Armenian is the only known language of its branch of the Indo-European languages, the comparative method cannot be used to reconstruct its earlier stages. Instead, a combination of internal and external reconstruction, by reconstructions of Proto-Indo-European and other branches, has allowed linguists to piece together the earlier history of Armenian.
Proto-Armenian, as the ancestor of only one living language, has no clear definition of the term. It is generally held to include a variety of ancestral stages of Armenian between Proto-Indo-European and the earliest attestations of Classical Armenian.
The earliest testimony of Armenian is the 5th-century Bible translation of Mesrop Mashtots. The earlier history of the language is unclear and the subject of much speculation. It is clear that Armenian is an Indo-European language, but its development is opaque.
In any case, Armenian has many layers of loanwords and shows traces of long language contact with Anatolian languages such as Luwian and Hittite, Mitanni, Hurro-Urartian languages, Semitic languages such as Akkadian and Aramaic, and Iranian languages such as Persian and Parthian. Armenian also has been influenced to a lesser extent by Greek and Arabic.
It is thus not a proto-language in the strict sense, but "Proto-Armenian" is a term that has become common in the field.The phonological development of Proto-Armenian sound changes are varied and eccentric and, in many cases, uncertain. That prevented Armenian from being immediately recognized as an Indo-European branch in its own right, and it was assumed to be simply a very divergent Iranian language until Heinrich Hübschmann established its independent character in 1874.
The development of voicing contrasts in Armenian is notable in being quite similar to that seen in Germanic, a fact that was significant in the formation of Glottalic Theory. The Armenian Consonant Shift has often been compared to the famous Grimm's Law in Germanic, because in both cases, Proto-Indo-European voiceless stops became voiceless aspirates, the voiced stops became voiceless, and the voiced aspirates became voiced stops.
Recent findings in Armenian genetics reveal heavy mixing of groups from the 3000s BC until the Bronze Age collapse. Admixture signals seem to have decreased to insignificant levels after c. 1200 BC, after which Armenian DNA remained stable, which appears to have been caused by Armenians' isolation from their surroundings, and subsequently sustained by the cultural/linguistic/religious distinctiveness that persists until today. Some modern studies show that Armenian is as close to Indo-Iranian as it is to Greek and Phrygian.
An recent alternate theory which rings true to me, suggests that speakers of Proto-Armenian were tribes indigenous to the northern Armenian highlands, such as the Hayasans, Diauehi or Etiuni. Although these groups are only known only from references left by neighboring peoples (such as Hittites, Urartians, and Assyrians), Armenian etymologies have been proposed for their names. While the Urartian language was used by the royal elite, the population they ruled was likely multi-lingual, and some of these peoples would have spoken Armenian. This can be reconciled with the Phrygian/Mushki theory if those groups originally came from the Caucasus region or Armenian Highlands
Meanwhile, Armenian shares the vocalization of word initial laryngeals before consonants with Greek and Phrygian: Proto-Indo-European *h₂nḗr ("man", "force") renders Greek anḗr, Armenian ayr from a Proto-Armenian *aynr and Phrygian anar ("man"), which may be compared to Latin Nero, Albanian njeri, Persian nar, Sanskrit nara, and Welsh nerth.
In certain contexts, the aspirated stops are further reduced to w, h or zero in Armenian: Proto-Indo-European (accusative) *pódm̥ "foot" > Armenian otn vs. Greek (accusative) póda, Proto-Indo-European *tréyes "three" > Armenian erekʿ vs. Greek treis.
German archeologist Heinrich Schliemann, who is known for his excavations of ancient Troy, wrote in his diary shortly before his death, “The whole European culture considers itself the heir to the Ancient Greek and Roman civilizations, not realizing that both of them, in their turn, originate from the ancient Armenian civilization.”
The mythology of ancient Armenia is a rich blend of indigenous traditions strong on natural phenomena, with many imported ideas from neighbouring cultures and migrating peoples over the millennia. The Armenian legends and stories, historical events such as wars invasions commemorated, also provide key information regarding attitudes and aspirations that help us understand the characteristic spirit of the culture, or community as manifested as well as chronological information regarding the era and the nation's origins.
The Armenian language dates to the early period of Indo-European differentiation and dispersion to some 5000 years ago. Trade and conquest forced the language to change, adding new words into the people's oral vocabulary. Ancient orally transmitted Literature and more recent written works appeared in Armenian late in the 4th century. The written language of that time, called classical Armenian or Grabar, remained the Armenian literary language, with few changes, until now.
The fact that Armenia became a Christian country in 301 AD. when they did not have a written alphabet nor a bible in the popular common language of their people is a phenomenon worth considering. The people spoke Armenian, but there was no written Armenian language for the masses who learned to read other languages. Originally only the very few people of Armenia that were classically trained could read, the available Greek, Farsi (Persian), or Latin.
So the question on most minds is how. How do a people without a written tradition of their own know anything, how did the people of Armenia without their own Alphabet learn about the new Church and the Christian religion. Armenia is proof as to why one must not rely on the written word, why one can not only rely on the written scriptures. It was through oral traditions that went back 3000 years that the Armenians had a claim on being a highly civilized group, a high culture.
The Christian Liturgy was chanted, with a great many responses from the congregation. It was a very participatory event. The people heard the Gospel chanted, the words of Institution chanted and the homily chanted. It is a simple fact that we can remember chanting easier than after reading something, especially if one is not familiar with the depth of the philosophical metaphysical language. Chanting allows you to remember better what was said and one can meditate on the meaning better when one can remember it.
Even though the most recent Armenian hypothesis would postulate the Armenian language as an in situ development of a 3rd millennium BC Proto-Indo-European language, its origin is still subject to scholarly debate.
In the light of the ongoing debate regarding the oral origin of the Armenian language and the fact that the comparative method of the etymologists cannot be used to reconstruct its earlier stages. I will be bringing to light in the following monolog the result of my research based on a combination of internal and external reconstruction of key Armenian words that have to date not been deciphered, like for example the words Hay, Hayk, Hayr and Ar, Ara Armenian. One hopes that these reconstructions will throw enough light on the Armenian subject and help linguists and other scientists to piece together the earlier history of the Armenian.
To avoid the classic confusion that the etymology of the written word can bring to the fore, I will start with the eponym of the progenitor Haik and the Exonym Armenian and follow with toponym Mount Aragats of the Armenian Highlands. All these names are unique and we know that they have survived for approximately 4500 years. I will show that ancient Armenian eponyms and toponyms, have a phylosophycal/metaphysical/natural scientific foundation and, all of them testify to a unique Armenian-centric a priori origin.Since the franca lingua of Armenia was cuniform I have searched as have others the possibility of a Sumerian origin to Armenian. Scientists are unable to agree on the origin of the Sumerians from where Hayk the progenitor of the Armenians came from, nor do they agree on the origin of the Sumerian cuneiform which the Armenians used for two millennia. For that matter they cannot come to an agreement about where either the Armenian or the Sumerian civilizations came from and what the Sumerians were alluding to in their legends when they referred to their origins. All said what they do agree on is the fact that Armenian civilization was and is one of the first on the Earth and that the Armenian orally transmitted culture and language is one of the oldest among the existing.
Sumerian is considered a language isolate, with no proven connection to any other language.Sumerian like Armenian is considered a language isolate, with some proven connections to other languages. The Sumerians obviously had an influence on the Armenians but the linguistic association comes through Urartian which itself was influenced by the Mesopotamian Semitic, Akkadian languages which themselves were strongly influenced by original Sumerian.
The Armenian Highlands used to be the home to the Urartian language, which we know was spoken around Lake Van between the 9th and 6th centuries BC. Ancient Armenian speakers seem to have coexisted with Urartian speakers for some time, and Urartian loanwords can be found in Armenian so the question is whether they both relate to an earlier source if not each other. There is a list of about 10 words only on Wiktionary that seem cognate to Sumerian.
All the data, including the very name of Sumer and Armenia is perceived by contemporaries indirectly through the Akkadian language.
However where there is agreement in that the Sumerians of Mesopotamia came from some mountainous country, by sea, and their gods lived on a planet named Nibiru, referred to as the 12th planet in the System, which passes its perihelion (the point of least distance to the Sun) every 3600 years, or is it to be read as 360 days. I bring this up for when I give the reader a fix on the meaning of the word Armenian its relevance will be clear. Also relevant is the name of the Sumerians as translated from Akkadian to blackheads and the name of their origin Nibiru which is translated as 'cross,' or 'intersection'
When searching for an alternative early influence outside Sumerian for Armenian one does not have much to choose from. The early date of oral proto Armenian suggests only an origin of another oral tradition and only Hindi, the early oral tradition of Sanskrit stands out and alone as the only probability. On the surface, we find some very tantalizing similarities between Armenian and Hindi. For example, with the names of numerals we find that both in Armenian and Hindi, the number 'ten' is "tas" and more telling a thousand, is "hazar". There are other similarities, like between eight: "Ut" Armenian and "At" Hindi and four "chors" with a 'ch' prefix in Armenian and the same 'ch' for "char" in Hindi.
The question is whether there is a direct link between Armenian and oral Sanskrit and how far back it goes and how it may have been transmitted. Very interesting is the Armenian word arakil for stork an ancient symbol of Armenia which in Middle Armenian is րաքիլ (rakʿil) which refers to a bird that has migrated from India.
OVER TIME THE ORAL & ANCIENT MYTHS WHICH WOVE TOGETHER SUCH DIVERSE CULTURAL THREADS WERE RECORDED IN TEXTS & PERPETUATED ORALLY BY LYRE-PLAYING BARDS (gusan) which were, in turn, preserved by even later writers. For example, a portion of an ancient poem recorded by the 5th-century CE historian Movses Khorenatsi describes the birth of the sun god Vahagn (who had replaced Shivini) from a reed in the sea. Unfortunately, despite the best efforts of writers in Late Antiquity, without extended textual evidence from ancient Armenia itself and only an impoverished archaeological record, much of Armenian myth and religion still remains unknown or unexplained. There are small figurines from Urartian sites which are of uncertain significance, for example, of winged females, bird-men, scorpion-men and fish-men. As these hybrid creatures were frequently painted on storeroom interior walls, the most outstanding of these hybrid figures are the vishaps , but to date we have no knowledge as to their meaning and purpose.
Below, then, are summaries of the most important ancient Armenian myths we know of today.
Airyaman (or airiiaman) in the Avesta, is both an Avestan language common noun as well as the proper name of a Zoroastrian divinity.
The common noun is a theological and social term literally meaning "member of (the) community or tribe."[a] In a secondary development, the common noun became the proper name of a divinity Airyaman, who is the yazata of health and healing.[*]
In Zoroastrian tradition, Avestan Airyaman is Middle Persian Erman (Ērmān).
AMUN RA
Amun was attested from the Old Kingdom together with his wife Amunet. With the 11th Dynasty (c. 21st century BC), Amun rose to the position of patron deity of Thebes. When the army of the founder of the Eighteenth Dynasty expelled the Hyksos rulers from Egypt, the victor's city of origin, Thebes, became the most important city in Egypt, the capital of a new dynasty. The local patron deity of Thebes, Amun, therefore became nationally important.Subsequently, when Egypt conquered Kush, they identified the chief deity of the Kushites as Amun. This Kush deity was depicted as ram-headed, more specifically a woolly ram with curved horns. Amun thus became associated with the ram arising from the aged appearance of the Kush ram deity, and depictions related to Amun sometimes had small ram's horns, known as the Horns of Ammon. A solar deity in the form of a ram can be traced to the pre-literate Kerma culture in Nubia, contemporary to the Old Kingdom of Egypt. The later (Meroitic period) name of Nubian Amun was Amani, attested in numerous personal names such as Tanwetamani, Arkamani, and Amanitore. Since rams were considered a symbol of virility, Amun also became thought of as a fertility deity, and so started to absorb the identity of Min, becoming Amun-Min. This association with virility led to Amun-Min gaining the epithet Kamutef, meaning "Bull of his mother", in which form he was found depicted on the walls of Karnak, ithyphallic, and with a scourge, as Min was.
As the cult of Amun grew in importance, Amun became identified with the chief deity who was worshipped in other areas during that period, namely the sun god Ra. This identification led to another merger of identities, with Amun becoming Amun-Ra. In the Hymn to Amun-Ra he is described as Lord of truth, father of the gods, maker of men, creator of all animals, Lord of things that are, creator of the staff of life.
The two Sanskrit epics Ramayana and Mahabharata I posit wandering singing holy men, (Yogis),(Bauls) brought to the highlands of Armenia and Sumeria from India that inspired the ancient authors of the area to write the epics like the one of Hayk who became the progenitor of the Armenian nation. The ektara is a drone lute consisting of a gourd resonator covered with skin, through which a bamboo neck is inserted. It is still used in parts of India and Nepal today by Yogis and wandering holy men to accompany their singing and prayers. In Nepal, the instrument still accompanies the singing of the Ramayana and Mahabharata.
The most important moral influence of these epics was the importance of virtue, in the life of a citizen and in the ideals of the formation of a state or of a functioning society. The genre of the two epics also includes teachings on the goals of human life. It depicts the duties of relationships, portraying ideal characters like the ideal father, the ideal servant, the ideal brother, the ideal husband, and the ideal king. Both the Mahabharata, and Ramayana present the teachings of ancient Hindu sages in the narrative allegory, interspersing philosophical and ethical elements. Astronomically, the narrative of the Ramayana took place during a period of time known as Treta Yuga in 5301 BC. Attempts to date the events using methods of archaeoastronomy have produced, depending on which passages are chosen and how they are interpreted, estimates ranging from the late 4th to the mid-2nd millennium BCE.
In 2005, the Baul tradition was included in the list of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO
Kinematics is a subfield of physics, developed in classical mechanics, that describes the motion of points, bodies (objects), and systems of bodies (groups of objects) without considering the forces that cause them to move.
Astrometry is a branch of astronomy that involves precise measurements of the positions and movements of stars and other celestial bodies. It provides the kinematics and physical origin of the Solar System and our galaxy, the Milky Way. Hipparchus, around 190 BC used the catalogue of his predecessors Timocharis and Aristillus to measure more accurately or rediscover the already known or discovered fact of the Earth's precession. In doing so, he also developed the brightness scale still in use today.
Rāmāyana (/rɑːˈmɑːjənə/; Sanskrit: रामायणम्, IAST: Rāmāyaṇam pronounced [raːˈmaːjɐɳɐm]) is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India and important text of Hinduism, the other being the Mahābhārata. The Mahābhārata (/məhɑːˈbɑːrətə/; Sanskrit: महाभारतम्, Mahābhāratam, pronounced [mɐɦaːˈbʱaːrɐt̪ɐm]) is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India, the other being the Rāmāyaṇa. It contains philosophical and devotional material, such as a discussion of the four "goals of life"
Bauls are a group of mystic minstrels of mixed elements of Sufism and Vaishnavism from the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura and Assam's Barak Valley. Bauls are a very heterogeneous group, with many sects, but their membership now mainly consists of Vaishnava Hindus and Sufi Muslims. Bauls constitute both a syncretic religious sect and a musical tradition. The origin of the word Baul is debated but suggested that it may be derived either from Sanskrit word vātula, which means "enlightened, lashed by the wind to the point of losing one's sanity, god's madcap, detached from the world, and seeker of truth", or from vyākula, which means "restless, agitated" and both of these derivations are consistent with the modern sense of the word, which denotes the inspired people with an ecstatic eagerness for a spiritual life, where a person can realise his union with the eternal beloved – the Moner Manush (the person of the heart).
Dr. Jeanne Openshaw writes that the music of the Bauls appears to have been passed down entirely in oral form until the end of the 19th century, when it was first transcribed by outside observers.Their religion is based on an expression of the body (deho sādhana), and an expression of the mind (mana sādhana). Some of their rituals are kept hidden from outsiders, as they might be thought to be repulsive or hedonistic. Bauls concentrate much of their mystic energies on the four body fluids, on the nine-doors (openings of the body), on prakṛti as "nature" or "primal motive force", and on breath sādhana.Their lyrics intertwine a deep sense of mysticism, a longing for oneness with the divine. An important part of their philosophy is "Deha tatta", a spirituality related to the body rather than the mind. They seek the divinity in human beings. Metaphysical topics are dwelt upon humbly and in simple words. They stress remaining unattached and unconsumed by the pleasures of life even while enjoying them. To them we are all a gift of divine power and the body is a temple, music being the path to connect to that power. A consistent part of Bauls' lyrics deals with body-centered practices that aim at controlling sexual desire. The esoteric knowledge of conception and contraception is revealed in the lyrics of the songs through an enigmatic language that needs
to be decoded by the guru in order to be understood and experienced.
Arimanius (Greek: Αρειμάνιος; Latin: Arīmanius) is a name for an obscure deity
Aryaman (Sanskrit: अर्यमन्, pronounced as "aryaman"; nominative singular is aryama) is one of the early Vedic Hindu deities.[1] His name signifies "Life-Partner", "close friend", "Partner", "play-fellow" or "companion".
Kinematics is a subfield of physics, developed in classical mechanics, that describes the motion of points, bodies (objects), and systems of bodies (groups of objects) without considering the forces that cause them to move.
Astrometry is a branch of astronomy that involves precise measurements of the positions and movements of stars and other celestial bodies. It provides the kinematics and physical origin of the Solar System and our galaxy, the Milky Way. Hipparchus, around 190 BC used the catalogue of his predecessors Timocharis and Aristillus to measure more accurately or rediscover the already known or discovered fact of the Earth's precession. In doing so, he also developed the brightness scale still in use today.
Rāmāyana (/rɑːˈmɑːjənə/; Sanskrit: रामायणम्, IAST: Rāmāyaṇam pronounced [raːˈmaːjɐɳɐm]) is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India and important text of Hinduism, the other being the Mahābhārata. The Mahābhārata (/məhɑːˈbɑːrətə/; Sanskrit: महाभारतम्, Mahābhāratam, pronounced [mɐɦaːˈbʱaːrɐt̪ɐm]) is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India, the other being the Rāmāyaṇa. It contains philosophical and devotional material, such as a discussion of the four "goals of life"
Bauls are a group of mystic minstrels of mixed elements of Sufism and Vaishnavism from the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura and Assam's Barak Valley. Bauls are a very heterogeneous group, with many sects, but their membership now mainly consists of Vaishnava Hindus and Sufi Muslims. Bauls constitute both a syncretic religious sect and a musical tradition. The origin of the word Baul is debated but suggested that it may be derived either from Sanskrit word vātula, which means "enlightened, lashed by the wind to the point of losing one's sanity, god's madcap, detached from the world, and seeker of truth", or from vyākula, which means "restless, agitated" and both of these derivations are consistent with the modern sense of the word, which denotes the inspired people with an ecstatic eagerness for a spiritual life, where a person can realise his union with the eternal beloved – the Moner Manush (the person of the heart).
Dr. Jeanne Openshaw writes that the music of the Bauls appears to have been passed down entirely in oral form until the end of the 19th century, when it was first transcribed by outside observers.Their religion is based on an expression of the body (deho sādhana), and an expression of the mind (mana sādhana). Some of their rituals are kept hidden from outsiders, as they might be thought to be repulsive or hedonistic. Bauls concentrate much of their mystic energies on the four body fluids, on the nine-doors (openings of the body), on prakṛti as "nature" or "primal motive force", and on breath sādhana.Their lyrics intertwine a deep sense of mysticism, a longing for oneness with the divine. An important part of their philosophy is "Deha tatta", a spirituality related to the body rather than the mind. They seek the divinity in human beings. Metaphysical topics are dwelt upon humbly and in simple words. They stress remaining unattached and unconsumed by the pleasures of life even while enjoying them. To them we are all a gift of divine power and the body is a temple, music being the path to connect to that power. A consistent part of Bauls' lyrics deals with body-centered practices that aim at controlling sexual desire. The esoteric knowledge of conception and contraception is revealed in the lyrics of the songs through an enigmatic language that needs
to be decoded by the guru in order to be understood and experienced.
Arimanius (Greek: Αρειμάνιος; Latin: Arīmanius) is a name for an obscure deity
Aryaman (Sanskrit: अर्यमन्, pronounced as "aryaman"; nominative singular is aryama) is one of the early Vedic Hindu deities.[1] His name signifies "Life-Partner", "close friend", "Partner", "play-fellow" or "companion".
AHRIMAN is Middle Persian, Ahrimanor Angra Mainyu (/ˈæŋrə ˈmaɪnjuː/; Avestan: Aŋra Mainiiu) is the same in the Avestan-language name of Zoroastrianism's hypostasis of the "destructive/evil spirit" and the main adversary in Zoroastrianism either of the Spenta Mainyu, the "holy/creative spirits/mentality", or directly of Ahura Mazda, the highest deity of Zoroastrianism.
Airyaman (or airiiaman) in the Avesta, is both an Avestan language common noun as well as the proper name of a Zoroastrian divinity.
The common noun is a theological and social term literally meaning "member of (the) community or tribe."[a] In a secondary development, the common noun became the proper name of a divinity Airyaman, who is the yazata of health and healing.[*]
In Zoroastrian tradition, Avestan Airyaman is Middle Persian Erman (Ērmān).
AMUN RA
Amun was attested from the Old Kingdom together with his wife Amunet. With the 11th Dynasty (c. 21st century BC), Amun rose to the position of patron deity of Thebes. When the army of the founder of the Eighteenth Dynasty expelled the Hyksos rulers from Egypt, the victor's city of origin, Thebes, became the most important city in Egypt, the capital of a new dynasty. The local patron deity of Thebes, Amun, therefore became nationally important.Subsequently, when Egypt conquered Kush, they identified the chief deity of the Kushites as Amun. This Kush deity was depicted as ram-headed, more specifically a woolly ram with curved horns. Amun thus became associated with the ram arising from the aged appearance of the Kush ram deity, and depictions related to Amun sometimes had small ram's horns, known as the Horns of Ammon. A solar deity in the form of a ram can be traced to the pre-literate Kerma culture in Nubia, contemporary to the Old Kingdom of Egypt. The later (Meroitic period) name of Nubian Amun was Amani, attested in numerous personal names such as Tanwetamani, Arkamani, and Amanitore. Since rams were considered a symbol of virility, Amun also became thought of as a fertility deity, and so started to absorb the identity of Min, becoming Amun-Min. This association with virility led to Amun-Min gaining the epithet Kamutef, meaning "Bull of his mother", in which form he was found depicted on the walls of Karnak, ithyphallic, and with a scourge, as Min was.
As the cult of Amun grew in importance, Amun became identified with the chief deity who was worshipped in other areas during that period, namely the sun god Ra. This identification led to another merger of identities, with Amun becoming Amun-Ra. In the Hymn to Amun-Ra he is described as Lord of truth, father of the gods, maker of men, creator of all animals, Lord of things that are, creator of the staff of life.
MIND & MATTER In ancient Indian astronomy, the asterism of the Big Dipper (part of the constellation of Ursa Major) is called saptarishi, with the seven stars representing seven rishis. The name Arundhatī in Sanskrit literally means 'washed from the rays of sun', from arun 'Sun rays' and dhatī 'washed'.
Everything points to the fact that Hayk and his closest companions, - (or the ancient author/ararich of his story,) - must have had some knowledge of the nature of consciousness and the relationship between mind and matter as well as an awareness of the fundamental nature of reality not to mention the first principles of being, identity but most importantly of change space and time, causality, necessity, and possibility. In other words collectively they must have been masters of the natural order of phenomena.
Everything points to the fact that Hayk and his closest companions, - (or the ancient author/ararich of his story,) - must have had some knowledge of the nature of consciousness and the relationship between mind and matter as well as an awareness of the fundamental nature of reality not to mention the first principles of being, identity but most importantly of change space and time, causality, necessity, and possibility. In other words collectively they must have been masters of the natural order of phenomena.
Trepidation (from Lat. trepidus, "trepidatious"), in now-obsolete medieval theories of astronomy, refers to hypothetical oscillation in the precession of the equinoxes. The theory was popular from the 9th to the 16th centuries.
The origin of the theory of trepidation comes from the Small Commentary to the Handy Tables written by Theon of Alexandria in the 4th century CE. In precession, the equinoxes appear to move slowly through the ecliptic, completing a revolution in approximately 25,800 years (according to modern astronomers). Theon states that certain (unnamed) ancient astrologers believed that the precession, rather than being a steady unending motion, instead reverses direction every 640 years. The equinoxes, in this theory, move through the ecliptic at the rate of 1 degree in 80 years over a span of 8 degrees, after which they suddenly reverse direction and travel back over the same 8 degrees. Theon describes but did not endorse this theory.
A more sophisticated version of this theory was adopted in the 9th century to explain a variation which Islamic astronomers incorrectly believed was affecting the rate of precession. This version of trepidation is described in De motu octavae sphaerae (On the Motion of the Eighth Sphere), a Latin translation of a lost Arabic original. The book is attributed to the Arab astronomer Thābit ibn Qurra, but this model has also been attributed to Ibn al-Adami and to Thabit's grandson, Ibrahim ibn Sinan. In this trepidation model, the oscillation is added to the equinoxes as they precess. The oscillation occurred over a period of 7000 years, added to the eighth (or ninth) sphere of the Ptolemaic system. "Thabit's" trepidation model was used in the Alfonsine Tables, which assigned a period of 49,000 years to precession. This version of trepidation dominated Latin astronomy in the later Middle Ages.
Islamic astronomers described other models of trepidation. In the West, an alternative to De motu octavae sphaerae was part of the theory of the motion of the Earth published by Nicolaus Copernicus in De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543). Copernicus' version of trepidation combined the oscillation of the equinoxes (now known to be a spurious motion) with a change in the obliquity of the ecliptic (axial tilt), acknowledged today as an authentic motion of the Earth's axis.
MITHRAS-ORION Orion is the one constellation that closes the gap between Taurus and the other equatorial summer constellations. Mithras' identification with Orion thus becomes absolutely necessary if the constellations of the bull slaying scene are to be equatorial. But we are not reduced to inferences of this kind, however compelling, for there exists proof for Mithras being Orion in written sources. Porphyry, the neo-Platonic philosopher
Mithraic constellations The Mithraic Mysteries, colloquially also known as Mithraism, was it is assumed a 1st–4th century neo-Platonic mystery cult of the Roman god Mithras. The near-total lack of written descriptions or scripture necessitates a reconstruction of beliefs and practices from the archaeological evidence, such as that found in Mithraic temples (in modern times called mithraea), which were real or artificial "caves" representing the cosmos. Until the 1970s most scholars followed Franz Cumont in identifying Mithras as a continuation of the Persian god Mithra. Cumont's continuity hypothesis, with an astrological component is more heavily pronounced. The details, however, are debated.
As far as ancient knowledge of an axial precession is concerned, one has to read the scholar of Mithraism, David Ulansey, who has interpreted Mithras as a personification of the force responsible for the precession originally the obvious regulated measured annual 'shift'. Ulansey argues that the cult was a religious response to the claim of Hipparchus discovery of how the entire cosmos was moving, now dubed the precession, which—from the ancient geocentric perspective—amounted to the discovery that the entire cosmos (i.e., the outermost celestial sphere of the fixed stars) yes, was 'moving' however in a previously unknown way.
His analysis is based on the so-called "tauroctony": the image of Mithras killing a bull that was located in the central place in every Mithraic temple. In the standard tauroctony.
Mithras and the bull are accompanied by a dog, a snake, a raven, and a scorpion. According to Ulansey, the tauroctony is a star chart. The bull is Taurus, a constellation of the zodiac. In the astronomical age that preceded the time of Hipparchus, the vernal equinox had taken place when the Sun was in the constellation of Taurus, and during that previous epoch the constellations of Canis Minor (The Dog), Hydra (The Snake), Corvus (The Raven), and Scorpius (The Scorpion)—that is, the constellations that correspond to the animals depicted in the tauroctony—all lay on the celestial equator (the location of which is shifted by the precession) and thus had privileged positions in the sky during that epoch. Mithras himself represents the constellation Perseus, which is located directly above Taurus the Bull: the same location occupied by Mithras in the tauroctony image. Mithras' killing of the Bull, by this reasoning, represented the power possessed by this new god to shift the entire cosmic structure, turning the cosmic sphere so that the location of the spring equinox left the constellation of Taurus (a transition symbolized by the killing of the Bull), and the Dog, Snake, Raven, and Scorpion likewise lost their privileged positions on the celestial equator. The question is if Aries replaced the constelation of Taurus (The Heavenly Bull) as we know approximately 2500BCE, where was Mitra who replaced the bull and what replaced the privileged positions in the sky that were held during that epoch, like the constellations of Canis Minor (The Dog), Hydra (The Snake), Corvus (The Raven), and Scorpius (The Scorpion).
The iconography also contains two torch-bearing twins (Cautes and Cautopates) framing the bull-slaying image—one holding a torch pointing up and the other a torch pointing down. These torch-bearers are sometimes depicted with one of them (torch up) holding or associated with a Bull and a tree with leaves, and the other (torch down) holding or associated with a Scorpion and a tree with fruit. Ulansey interprets these torch-bearers as representing the spring equinox (torch up, tree with leaves, Bull) and the autumn equinox (torch down, tree with fruit, Scorpion) in Taurus and Scorpius respectively, which is where the equinoxes were located during the preceding "Age of Taurus" symbolized in the tauroctony as a whole. Thus Ulansey concludes that Mithraic iconography was an "astronomical code" whose secret was the existence of a new cosmic divinity, unknown to those outside the cult, whose fundamental attribute was his ability to shift the structure of the entire cosmos and thereby to control the astrological forces believed at that time to determine human existence, thus giving him the power to grant his devotees success during life and salvation after death (i.e., a safe journey through the planetary spheres and a subsequent immortal existence in the realm of the stars).
Trepidation was a feature of Hindu astronomy and was used to compute ayanamsha for converting sidereal to tropical longitudes. The third chapter of the Suryasiddhanta, verses 9-10, provides the method for computing it, which E. Burgess interprets as 27 degree trepidation in either direction over a full period of 7200 years, at an annual rate of 54 seconds.[4] This is nearly the same as the Arab period of about 7000 years. The zero date according to the Suryasiddhanta was 499 AD, after which trepidation is forward in the same direction as modern equinoctial precession. For the period before 1301 BCE, Suryasiddhantic trepidation would be opposite in sign to equinoctial precession. For the period 1301 BCE to 2299 AD, equinoctial precession and Suryasiddhantic precession would have the same direction and sign, only differing in magnitude. Brahma Siddhanta, Soma Siddhanta and Narada Purana describe exactly the same theory and magnitude of trepidation as in Suryasiddhanta, and some other Puranas also provide concise references to precession, esp Vayu purana and Matsya Purana.
Mīna, or Meena, is a month in the Indian solar calendar. It corresponds to the zodiacal sign of Pisces, and overlaps with about the later half of March and about the early half of April in the Gregorian calendar. First day of the Meena month, called as Meena Sankranti generally falls on March 14th.[4]
In Vedic texts, the Mina month is called Tapasya (IAST: Tapasya), but in these ancient texts it has no zodiacal associations.[5] The solar month of Mina overlaps with its lunar month Chaitra, in Hindu lunisolar calendars.[6][7] The Mina marks the spring season for the Indian subcontinent. It is preceded by the solar month of Kumbha, and followed by the solar month of Meṣa.
R.D. Barnett has argued that the royal seal of King Saussatar of Mitanni from c. 1450 BCE. depicts a tauroctonous Mithras.
In the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, the rough breathing (Ancient Greek: δασὺ πνεῦμα, romanized: dasỳ pneûma or δασεῖα daseîa; Latin: spīritus asper) character is a diacritical mark used to indicate the presence of an /h/ sound before a vowel, diphthong, or after rho. It remained in the polytonic orthography even after the Hellenistic period, when the sound disappeared from the Greek language. In the monotonic orthography of Modern Greek phonology, in use since 1982, it is not used at all.
Ayin (also ayn or ain; transliterated ⟨ʿ⟩) is the sixteenth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician ʿayin
, Hebrew ʿayin ע, Aramaic ʿē , Syriac ʿē ܥ, and Arabic ʿayn ع (where it is sixteenth in abjadi order only).*ar-
also arə-, Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to fit together."
It forms all or part of: adorn; alarm; aristarchy; aristo-; aristocracy; arm (n.1) "upper limb of the body;" arm (n.2) "weapon;" armada; armadillo; armament; armature; armilla; armistice; armoire; armor; armory; army; art (n.) "skill as a result of learning or practice;" arthralgia; arthritis; arthro-; arthropod; arthroscopy; article; articulate; artifact; artifice; artisan; artist; coordination; disarm; gendarme; harmony; inert; inertia; inordinate; ordain; order; ordinal; ordinance; ordinary; ordinate; ordnance; ornament; ornate; primordial; subordinate; suborn.
It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Sanskrit irmah "arm," rtih "manner, mode;" Armenian arnam "make," armukn "elbow;" Greek arti "just," artios "complete, suitable," artizein "to prepare," arthron "a joint;" Latin ars (stem art-) "art, skill, craft," armus "shoulder," artus "joint," arma "weapons;" Old Prussian irmo "arm;" German art "manner, mode."
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